The article examines the main problems of restructuring socio-economic systems as a component of the formation of the digital economy. The concept of "system", its elements, the relationship between them, as well as the functional environment of the system are considered. The main characteristics of the parameters of the state of the system are analyzed. It is noted that systems are combined into larger system formations, called supersystems. The concept of system structure is defined, its main parameters are given. Categories such as hierarchy and function play an essential role in the study of the functioning of systems. The authors determined that in order to fulfill the tasks of its existence, any system must perform a set of interrelated functions. The more efficiently each of these functions is performed, the more efficiently the whole system works, and the higher the possibility for the system to accumulate free energy, and any system reproduction process should be viewed as a whole, greater than the sum of the individual sub-processes of which it consists. Time can be viewed as another horizontal axis of measurement in which the system is formed. This dimension can be figuratively called the "timeline" or "lifeline" of the system, and the time parameters (sequence, duration, pace, speed, level of synchrony of processes, switching time) reflect the quantitative and qualitative aspects of individual processes (subprocesses) of system reproduction. The transition of society to a new formation is associated with changes in the state of socio-economic systems, an integral part of which are processes of restructuring (changes in the parameters that form their structure). The authors proposed a conditional scheme of system formation as a spatial object and process and characterized certain types of restructuring of socio-economic systems in modern digital transformations. As an illustration of such processes the structural changes in the energy sector of Ukraine for the period 2010-2020 are analyzed. This proves that the structure of economic systems is the most important subject of management of socio-economic development, and the analysis of restructuring processes is an effective tool to justify management decisions and regulation of economic processes to ensure sustainable socio-economic development.
One of the most relevant approaches to determining efficiency is rightly considered the attractiveness of the company in terms of investing in it and receiving remuneration by the owners or managers of the company. From these positions, there are three most relevant indicators of efficiency analysis can be distinguished: Return on Equity (ROE), Return on Assets (ROA), and return on EBITDA (EBITDA Margin). The ROE indicator shows how much profit each invested monetary unit brings on capital and is considered a measure of how efficiently the company's management uses its capital to make a profit. Investors most often consider ROE as acceptable provided that its value is not lower than 14 %, and in the case of a value of less than 10 % is a bad value. ROA describes how well a company uses its assets, determining how profitable a company is with respect to its total assets. ROA is best used when comparing similar companies or when comparing a company with its efficiency over previous periods. ROA takes into account the debt obligations of the company, unlike other indicators (in particular, ROE). The EBITDA margin is considered the monetary rate of return on transactions with real money before capital expenditures, taxes, and capital structure. This eliminates the impact and consequences of non-cash expenses, such as depreciation. Investors and owners can understand how much money is generated for each monetary unit of earned income, and use such an indicator as a guideline when comparing different companies. The low EBITDA Margin indicates that the business has problems with profitability, as well as cash flow problems. On the other hand, a relatively high EBITDA Margin means that business profit is stable. Keywords: efficiency, enterprise, indicator, management.
The article describes the specific details of local communities functioning in Ukraine and the Czech Republic. It has been examined that Ukraine and the Czech Republic have similar, but not identical systems of local governance. We conducted a comparative analysis of the financial state of local communities in both countries by five indicators. Indicator 1 (total income per capita) characterises the community’s financial potential and reveals that Ukraine’s local communities have fewer financial resources to use. Indicator 2 (total expenditures per capita) describes the ability to provide residents with the resources generated in their community and Czech communities have a higher value of this indicator. Indicator 3 (share of the administrative expenditures) shows the effectiveness of money spent, and local communities in both Ukraine and the Czech Republic spend particularly the same part of their total expenditures on administrative needs. Indicator 4 (capital expenditures per capita) demonstrate how the money generated is spent on urgent capital investments and Ukraine’s communities have much lower capital expenditures per capita than Czech ones. Indicator 5 (the share of capital expenditures in total expenditures) reflects how local communities perceive the importance of investments in capital projects and Ukraine’s communities spend fewer financial resources for capital needs than Czech ones.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.