Based on the involvement of a wide range of sources, the article considers the initial stage of the Soviet penitentiary system formation and development. This problem, closed during the Soviet era, enjoys an increased attention of experts after the USSR collapse, one of the consequences of which is the controversial nature of its various aspects many assessments. The article focuses on the most controversial problems of the penitentiary system contemporary historiography, such as the time of forced labor system origin and the repressive or educational nature of this system. In the course of the study, the author came to the conclusion that the starting point of its activity was 1919, when the forced labor camps were established. Another feature of this period was the continued struggle of various positions in the leadership of the country about the repressive or educational orientation of prisoner work until the end of the 20-ies. During the first post-revolutionary years, the prevailing view was the view concerning the educational value of forced labor and its payment at state rates. After the eradication of revolutionary romanticism era and under the influence of complex social-economic conditions of the country development the second point of view prevails by the end of the 1920-ies, which begins to be realized in practice in 1929 with the Gulag system development.
The study of everyday life history, including its production aspects, is one of the leading trends in modern historical science. At the same time, Russian historians in this respect are behind their foreign colleagues because of the negative influence of the Soviet methodology, which focused specialists on the study of macroprocesses. This is especially characteristic of the pre-revolutionary period. This circumstance determines the choice of the research topic. The article focuses on such subjects of production daily routine at the mining enterprises of the Urals as the state of labor qualification, the level of labor motivation, industrial discipline, horizontal and vertical relationships in labor collectives. Their analysis made it possible to come to the conclusion that the mining Ural region at the beginning of the 20th century had mainly patriarchal production relations, which were expressed in the low level of labor discipline, motivation, production qualification of workers, authoritarian-paternalistic style in the intra-group interaction of production subjects.
The relations of labor and capital in Russia were entangled in patriarchal remnants and their compliance with the standards of the industrial era was becoming one of the major social problems, from the solution of which the industrial development of the country depended in many respects. Considering the significance of the Urals in Russian economy, the analysis of the local bourgeoisie position concerning the working issue solution is of an undoubted interest. It was characterized by the combination of liberal approaches with the conservative views of mining workers, which, considering local specifics, regarded the solution of the land issue, the restriction of factory inspection functions and the removal of the state administration interference in the relations between the workers and the bourgeoisie as the main means of the working issue settling.
The modern Russian reforms aimed at moving the society to a new stage of development are going through a complicated, contradictory way, with great social costs and zigzags of the political course of power. This poses the task of identifying and overcoming the inhibiting factors in the development of the country. One of the most effective mechanisms of such work is the study of the three-hundred-year experience of Russian reformation and the identification of timeless sociocultural and mental risk factors affecting the nature and content of reforms. This article is devoted to this purpose.In the course of study, we have drawn the conclusions about the deterrent effect on the development of the country of such features of Russian society as its socio-cultural split, absence of internal mechanisms for the self-development of society, lack of a dialogue between government and society, whose relationships are determined by the principle of "antisocial state -anti-state society", mental characteristics of the Russian intelligentsia, which dogmatically implements particular ideas at the expense of economic expediency and common sense, orientation of the ruling elite on the Western values as opposed to national traditions, conservatism and lack of conscious reformative motivation of the masses. This leads to the need to correlate the current reforms not only with the current trends of socioeconomic development, but also with the sociocultural foundations of Russian society and the peculiarities of its mentality.
El interés por la clase obrera de Rusia, su comportamiento laboral y su ética se ha acelerado en las ciencias históricas y sociales en los últimos años. Una de las principales áreas industriales de Rusia es la región de los Urales, los Urales, donde se pueden encontrarlas plantas metalúrgicas más antiguas y más grandes del país. Es por ello que la presente investigación se ocupa de la imagen laboral de los trabajadores de los Urales, es decir, de su ética laboral y actitud ante el trabajo a finales del siglo XIX-principios del XX. Los métodos científicos generales de análisis y síntesis, inducción y deducción se utilizan para cumplir con los objetivos del estudio. Habiendo analizado una amplia gama de fuentes, hemos llegado a las siguientes conclusiones: la imagen laboral de los trabajadores de los Urales a fines del siglo XI era una combinación controvertida de motivación positiva y pragmática para el trabajo, por un lado, y mala calidad y mano de obra poco productiva, así como la pereza y la actitud descuidada hacia el trabajo, por otro lado. Dado que estas características de la ética laboral de los trabajadores de los Urales, en general, son típicas de la clase trabajadora rusa en su conjunto, pueden considerarse una parte inseparable de la mentalidad nacional rusa y deben tenerse en cuenta al elaborar estrategias modernas de desarrollo laboral.
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