Abstract. The paper deals with the causes and consequences of malfunctioning of natural and mechanical ventilation systems in civil buildings of Russia. Furthermore it gives their classification and analysis based on the literature review. On the basis of the analysis technical solutions for improving the efficiency of ventilation systems in civil buildings are summarized and the field of their application is specified. Among the offered technical solutions the use of autonomous ventilation systems with heat recovery is highlighted as one of the most promising and understudied. Besides it has a wide range of applications. The paper reviews and analyzes the main Russian and foreign designs of ventilation systems with heat recovery that are mostly used in practice. Three types of such systems: UVRK-50, Prana-150, ТеFо are chosen for consideration. The sequence of field tests of selected autonomous ventilation systems have been carried out in order to determine the actual air exchange and efficiency of heat recovery. The paper presents the processed results of the research on the basis of which advantages and disadvantages of the tested ventilation systems are identified and recommendations for engineering and manufacturing of new design models of autonomous ventilation systems with heat recovery are formulated.
The implementation of the energy saving program in construction, adopted in the Russian Federation, has led to a signifi cant change in the design decisions of building envelopes. To achieve the normative values of heat transfer resistance, various facade systems are currently widely used for insulation of external walls using polymeric materials as heaters, which have low values of the coeffi cient of thermal conductivity with a relatively high value of the coeffi cient of vapor permeability. Therefore, when choosing a textured layer of facade systems, it is necessary to take into account the value of its resistance to diff usion of water vapor in order to avoid the accumulation of moisture in the outer walls. The problem associated with the possible accumulation of moisture is especially relevant when designing both three-layer exterior walls and walls with internal insulation. To eliminate the formation of molds on the inner surfaces of the enclosing structures, leading to dangerous diseases of skin and respiratory tract organs, as well as the destruction of building structures, it is necessary to accurately calculate the humidity mode of the enclosing structures in order to protect them from overmoistening. The article presents a methodology for determining the position of the plane of possible condensation in multilayer enclosing structures, based on the use of the dimensionless characteristics method.
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