Glycolic acid (GA), one of the alpha-hydroxy acids, is widely used as an agent for chemical peeling. Although there are several reports about the clinical effects of GA in the literature, its biological mechanism remains mostly unclear, and there are only a few reports about its effects on skin rejuvenation mediated by keratinocytes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of GA on the dermal matrix metabolism of keratinocytes and fibroblasts using in vitro and ex vivo systems. Our study shows that GA not only directly accelerates collagen synthesis by fibroblasts, but it also modulates matrix degradation and collagen synthesis through keratinocyte-released cytokines. We confirm that IL-1alpha is one of the primary mediators for matrix degradation released from keratinocytes after GA treatment. These results suggest that GA contributes to the recovery of photodamaged skin through various actions, depending on the skin cell type.
It was previously reported that CO2could be reduced into CO, CH4, and so forth, which can be used as fuels, by TiO2as the photocatalyst under UV radiation. To increase the concentration of fuel and improve CO2reduction performance on TiO2photocatalyst, a membrane reactor composed of TiO2and gas separation membrane prepared by sol-gel and dip-coating method has been built. Factors such as rising speed (RS) in the dip-coating process and the timing and amount of water injected in the membrane reactor in CO2reduction experiment have been investigated. As a result, the largest amount of TiO2film is obtained for mm/s among various RS conditions investigated in this study. According to CO2reduction experiment by gas circulation type reactor, too much water which cannot be consumed in CO2reduction process would not help improving the CO2reduction performance.
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