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As an emerging energy storage device, the supercapacitor with high energy density, fast charging/discharging, and good cycle stability has aroused great interest. The performance of supercapacitors mainly depend on the electrode material. Manganese dioxide (MnO 2) has emerged as one of the most promising electrode materials for high theoretical specific capacitance, wide potential range, high electrochemical activity, and environmental friendliness. However, its deteriorated volume expansion and inherently low conductivity limit its development and application in supercapacitors. To circumvent the mentioned issues, the porous, thin film, or layered composite materials were prepared to enhance the electrical conductivity and specific surface area of MnO 2. Carbon materials are the ideal choice to compound with MnO 2 owing to their low electrical resistance, significant thermal stability, large specific surface area, and porosity. Up to now, several kinds of MnO 2 /carbon composites as supercapacitor electrodes have been designed and fabricated. Herein, we give a concise review of the latest researches on MnO 2 /carbon supercapacitor electrodes, focusing on the fabrication strategies and analyzing the influencing factors of electrochemical performance of MnO 2 /carbon materials. An outlook on the possible development directions in future of designing high-performance MnO 2 /carbon materials for the current challenges is also provided.

Increased expression of mac25/insulin-like growth factor binding-protein related protein-1 (IGFBP-rP1) in human breast and prostate epithelial cell lines results in the suppression of tumor growth. CDNA expression array analysis revealed increased manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD-2) expression in the mac25/IGFBP-rP1-transfected M12 human prostate cancer cell line compared to M12 control cells. SOD-2 has been postulated to be a tumor suppressor. SOD-2 was also increased in LNCaP cells stably transfected with mac25/IGFBP-rP1, but not in mac25/IGFBP-rP1-transfected PC-3 cells. Mac25 LNCaP cells had a marked decrease in tumor growth in nude mice compared to controls, but there was no difference in tumor growth in mac25 PC-3 cells compared to control. Phosphorylated Erk and Akt were increased in the M12 and LNCaP transfected mac25/ IGFBP-rP1 cells but not PC-3 mac25. Inhibition of PI-3 kinase results in a marked decrease in viability of the M12-mac25 cells compared to M12 controls. Cells treated with H 2 O 2 result in an increase in phospho-ERK. Transfection of SOD-2 in M12 cells markedly decreased tumor growth, apoptosis, G1 delay in the cell cycle, and expression of senescence associated b-galactosidase. These results suggest that one of the downstream mediators of the senescence-associated tumor suppression effect of mac25/IGFBP-rP1 is SOD-2.

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ObjectiveProbiotics may be efficacious in preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). The aim of this network meta-analysis (NMA) was to clarify the efficacy of different types of probiotics for preventing VAP.MethodsThis systematic review and NMA was conducted according to the updated preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis. A systematic literature search of public databases from inception to 17 June 2018 was performed.ResultsNMA showed that “Bifidobacterium longum + Lactobacillus bulgaricus + Streptococcus thermophiles” was more efficacious than “Ergyphilus” in preventing VAP (odds ratio: 0.15, 95% confidence interval: 0.03–0.94). According to pairwise meta-analysis, “B. longum + L. bulgaricus + S. thermophiles” and “Lactobacillus rhamnosus” were superior to placebo in preventing VAP. Treatment rank based on surface under the cumulative ranking curves revealed that the most efficacious treatment for preventing VAP was “B. longum + L. bulgaricus + S. thermophiles” (66%). In terms of reducing hospital mortality and ICU mortality, the most efficacious treatment was Synbiotic 2000FORTE (34% and 46%, respectively).ConclusionsBased on efficacy ranking, “B. longum + L. bulgaricus + S. thermophiles” should be the first choice for prevention of VAP, while Synbiotic 2000FORTE has the potential to reduce in-hospital mortality and ICU mortality.