This paper introduces the notions of chained and semi-chained graphs. The chain of a graph, when existent, refines the notion of bipartivity and conveys important structural information. Also the notion of a center vertex $$v_c$$
v
c
is introduced. It is a vertex, whose sum of p powers of distances to all other vertices in the graph is minimal, where the distance between a pair of vertices $$\{v_c,v\}$$
{
v
c
,
v
}
is measured by the minimal number of edges that have to be traversed to go from $$v_c$$
v
c
to v. This concept extends the definition of closeness centrality. Applications in which the center node is important include information transmission and city planning. Algorithms for the identification of approximate central nodes are provided and computed examples are presented.
The Chinese outbound market exerts a substantial economic impact on the Japanese tourist industry. Yet history-inspired disputes between the two nations often cause fluctuations in the market. Through a qualitative inquiry with 27 interviewees, this study explores how the Chinese Cohort 60's memories of, and emotions toward, Japan have evolved in the past 60 years and how the interplay of memories and emotions explain the cohort's intention to visit Japan. Three subgroups emerged from the interview data, which exhibited different degrees of travel intention that were attributable to the variation of their memories of Japan. While all three subgroups held the declarative memory of the anti-Japanese war, regions of interviewees' origin and their family histories were found to be significantly related to their distinctive emotions toward Japan. A Memory-Emotion-Time framework is developed that illustrates how memory and emotion influence one's travel decisions in the context of history.
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