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A study was conducted to evaluate the basic chemical composition, organic acids and volatile compound profiles of ultra-high-temperature milk samples sold in Turkey. The organic acids were determined by reverse-phase highperformance liquid chromatography method, and volatile compounds were analyzed by headspace solid phase micro-extraction/gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry technique. A total of 43 volatile compounds including 4 aldehydes, 5 alcohols, 10 ketones, 9 acids, 9 aromatic hydrocarbons, 3 nitrogenous, 2 sulfur containing compounds, and 1 alkane hydrocarbon, were identified in the ultra-high-temperature milk samples. The main compounds were found to be oxime methoxy phenyl, 2-heptanone, 2-mercapto-4-phenylthiazole, 2amino-5-ethoxycarbonyl benzophenone, acetic acid, 2,6,10,14-tetramethyl pentadecane, and 2-nonanone. The main organic acid in the ultra-high-temperature milk was citric acid a mean value of 133 mg/100 mL, followed by formic,

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Food adulteration is a major problem causing significant economic and health risks for consumers. Non-destructive, quick, and inexpensive methods are needed for food authentication. No study has been found on the adulteration of organic pepper powders. This study examined the feasibility of a chromameter to discriminate

A global positioning system (GPS) receiver is an important sensor used in modern farming, particularly in precision agriculture to determine geographic location and ground speed. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of two low-cost GPS receivers for measuring ground speed under varying speed conditions on four different dates. A rotary shaft encoder on an auxiliary wheel mounted on an agricultural tractor was used as a reference. A significant time lag between the rotary encoder speed and the GPS speed was found over a range of speeds. It was observed that the GPS speed lagged the encoder speed in both increasing and decreasing speeds. The average time lag was found to be between 3.6 and 5.2 s for Receiver 1 while Receiver 2 had a time lag from 1.7 to 2.5 s. A significant difference was found between the two receivers for increasing and decreasing speeds in terms of time lags (P \ 0.05). A post correction by shifting the GPS speed increased the accuracy of the speed measurement capability of both receivers resulting in an average correlation coefficient of 0.30-0.90 for Receiver 1 and 0.65-0.98 for Receiver 2. Effect of USB-to-COM converter was also studied and it did not have a significant effect on time delay. The GPS receivers provided reliable data during constant speed operating conditions; however, caution should be exercised in varying speed conditions when using low-cost GPS receivers. Also, the companies that produce GPS-based speed sensors should supply technical specifications related to velocity estimates during acceleration and deceleration.

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