Solution‐processed zinc oxide (ZnO) is one of the widely used electron transporting layers (ETLs) for organic solar cells (OSCs). However, low optical transparency along with thickness‐sensitivity of ZnO ETL constrains the improvement of photovoltaic performance and large‐scale fabrication compatibility. To resolve these issues, zirconium (Zr) doping is applied to tailor the optoelectronic and morphological properties of ZnO layer. This approach not only improves light transmittance with the suppressed parasitic absorption, but also provides an optimized surface morphology for enhancing charge extraction property and reducing potential of charge trap‐assisted recombination. By using ZnO:Zr as ETL in inverted device configuration, the maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PM6:Y6:PC71BM solar cell devices is up to 17.2%, which makes an enhancement of 9.55% compared to ZnO‐based devices (15.7%). As the thickness of ZnO:Zr ETL increases to ≈60 nm, the presence of the lower parasitic absorption together with uniform surface morphology can help photovoltaic performance maintain above 15%, which is beyond the performance of the pristine ZnO‐based device achieving only 11.9%. Such superiority of ZnO:Zr ETL is also validated by a series of well‐known BHJ systems, where in comparison with the devices based on pristine ZnO ETL, a better photovoltaic performance from ZnO:Zr device can be achieved.

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In this study, the full-size pore structure characteristics of six different-rank coal samples were investigated and analyzed from three perspectives, namely, pore shape, pore volume, and pore specific surface area, by performing a high-pressure mercury injection experiment and a low-temperature nitrogen adsorption experiment. Next, the full-size pore volumes and pore specific surface areas of the six coal samples were accurately characterized through a combination of the two experiments. Furthermore, the relationships between volatile matter content and pore volume and between volatile matter content and pore specific surface area were fitted and analyzed. Finally, the influences of metamorphic degree on pore structure were discussed. The following conclusions were obtained. The pore shapes of different-rank coal samples differ significantly. With the increase of metamorphic degree, the full-size pore volume and pore specific surface area both decrease first and then increase. Among the pores with various sizes, micropores are the largest contributor to the full-size pore volume and pore specific surface area. The fitting curves between volatile matter content and pore volume and between volatile matter content and pore specific surface area can well reflect the influence and control of metamorphic degree on pore volume and pore specific surface area, respectively. With the increase of volatile matter content, the pore volume and the pore specific surface area both vary in a trend resembling a reverse parabola.

Joule heats which are generated by coals in an applied electric field are directly correlated with variation resistivity of electrical parameters of coals. Moreover, the joule heating effect is closely related with microstructural changes and relevant products of coal surface. In the present study, a self-developed applied direct current (DC) field was applied onto an experimental system of coals to investigate variation resistivity of electrical parameters of highly, moderately and lowly metamorphic coal samples. Moreover, breakdown voltages and breakdown field intensities of above three coal samples with different metamorphic grades were tested and calculated. Variation resistivity of electrical parameters of these three coal samples in 2 kV and 4 kV DC fields were analyzed. Results show that internal current of all coal samples increases continuously and tends to be stable gradually after reaching the “inflection point” at peak. The relationship between temperature rise effect on anthracite coal surface in an applied DC field and electrical parameters was discussed. The temperature rise process on anthracite coal surface is composed of three stages, namely, slowly warming, rapid warming and slow cooling to stabilize. The temperature rise effect on anthracite coal surface lags behind changes of currents which run through coal samples. There’s uneven temperature distribution on anthracite coal surface, which is attributed to the heterogeneity of coal samples. In the experiment, the highest temperature on anthracite coal surface 65.8 ℃ is far belower than the lowest temperature for pyrolysis-induced gas production of coals 200 ℃. This study lays foundations to study microstructural changes and relevant products on coal surface in an applied DC field.

Adsorption characteristics of coalbed methane (CBM) are significant to investigate the absorption of coal, shale, and porous media. In particular, adsorption characteristics of CH4, CO2, and H2O play an important role in predicting CBM output and geologic sequestration potentials of CO2 in research fields of CO2-enhanced CBM recovery (CO2-ECBM) and sequestration of CO2. In this work, adsorption characteristics of CH4, CO2, and H2O in lignite molecules were simulated through the grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) method and molecular dynamics (MD) method. Research results demonstrated that given the same temperature and pressure, the ultimate adsorption capacity of lignite per unit to H2O is the highest, followed by those of CO2 and CH4 successively. All isothermal adsorption curves conform to the “I-type” characteristics. In the saturated molecular configuration, gas molecules show different distribution patterns at two sides of the lignite molecule chain. Lignite has typical physical adsorption to CH4 and CO2, with adsorption energy provided by nonbonding energy. However, lignite has both physical adsorption and chemical adsorption to H2O, with adsorption energy provided by both nonbonding energy and hydrogen bond energy. High temperature is against adsorption of CH4, CO2, and H2O. Temperature might inhibit adsorption of gas molecules. Research conclusions lay foundations for the exploitation and development of CBM and relevant studies on sequestration of CO2.

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The Rayleigh–Taylor instability at the weakly nonlinear (WN) stage in spherical geometry is studied by numerical simulation. The mode coupling processes are revealed. The results are consistent with the WN model based on parameter expansion, while higher order effects are found to be non-negligible. For Legendre mode perturbation Pn (cosθ), the nonlinear saturation amplitude (NSA) of the fundamental mode decreases with the mode number n. When n is large, the spherical NSA is lower than the corresponding planar one. However, for large n, the planar NSA can be recovered by applying Fourier transformation to the bubble/spike near the equator and calculating the NSA of the converted trigonometric harmonic.

Joule heats which are generated by coals in an applied electric field are directly correlated with variation laws of electrical parameters of coals. Moreover, the joule heating effect is closely related with microstructural changes and relevant products of coal surface. In the present study, a self-developed applied direct current (DC) field was applied onto an experimental system of coals to investigate variation laws of electrical parameters of highly, moderately and lowly metamorphic coal samples. Moreover, breakdown voltages and breakdown field intensities of above three coal samples with different metamorphic grades were tested and calculated. Variation laws of electrical parameters of these three coal samples in 2kV and 4kV DC fields were analyzed. Results show that internal current of all coal samples increases continuously and tends to be stable gradually after reaching the “inflection point” at peak. The relationship between temperature rise effect on anthracite coal surface in an applied DC field and electrical parameters was discussed. The temperature rise process on anthracite coal surface is composed of three stages, namely, slowly warming, rapid warming and slow cooling to stabilize. The temperature rise effect on anthracite coal surface lags behind changes of currents which run through coal samples. There’s uneven temperature distribution on anthracite coal surface, which is attributed to the heterogeneity of coal samples. In the experiment, the highest temperature on anthracite coal surface 65.8℃ is far belower than the lowest temperature for pyrolysis-induced gas production of coals 200℃. This study lays foundations to study microstructural changes and relevant products on coal surface in an applied DC field.