Congruence or genuineness is a relationship element with an extensive and important history within psychotherapy. Congruence is an aspect of the therapy relationship with two facets, one intrapersonal and one interpersonal. Mindful genuineness, personal awareness, and authenticity characterize the intrapersonal element. The capacity to respectfully and transparently give voice to ones' experience to another person characterizes the interpersonal component. Although most fully developed in the personcentered tradition, congruence is highly valued in many theoretical orientations. In this article, we define and provide clinical examples of congruence. We also present an original meta-analysis of its relation with psychotherapy improvement. An analysis of 21 studies (k), representing 1,192 patients (N), resulted in a weighted aggregate effect size (r) of .23 (95% confidence interval ϭ [.13, .32]) or an estimated d of .46. Moderators of the association between congruence and outcome are also investigated. In closing, we address patient contributions, limitations of the extant research, diversity considerations, and therapeutic practices that might promote congruence and improve psychotherapy outcomes. Clinical Impact StatementResearch identifying effective therapy relational elements offers guidance to clinicians aspiring to provide optimal clinical care. Question: This meta-analysis examines the association between congruence and psychotherapy outcome. Findings: Congruence is consistently associated with psychotherapy improvement. Meaning: It is essential that future research investigating psychotherapy relational elements includes congruence and attempts to elucidate patient, therapist, and treatment characteristics influencing the congruence-outcome relation. Next Steps: Structured clinical training modules might be developed and guidelines disseminated for promoting congruence in clinical practice.
Congruence or genuineness is a relationship element with an extensive and important history within psychotherapy. Congruence is an aspect of the therapy relationship with two facets, one intrapersonal and one interpersonal. This chapter defines and provides clinical examples of congruence. It presents an original meta-analysis of its relation with psychotherapy improvement. Analysis of 21 studies, representing 1,192 patients, resulted in a weighted aggregate effect size (r) of .23 or an estimated d of .46. In closing, the chapter addresses patient contributions, limitations of the extant research, diversity considerations, and therapeutic practices that might promote congruence and improve psychotherapy outcomes.
The #MeToo movement has brought the attention of sexual harassment to U.S. college campuses. Because the topic of sexual harassment is a hush-hush [shi] topic for many Chinese international students, their first public discussion may occur at student orientation. Thus, students come to college campuses with varying levels of awareness of sexual harassment. Given the growing number of Chinese international students, the purpose of this article is to provide an overview of their experiences and perceptions of sexual harassment as well as provide recommendations for university personnel.
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