Enzyme therapy is an effective strategy to treat diseases. Three strategies were pursued to provide the favorable microenvironments for uricase (UCU) to eventually improve its features: using the right type of buffer to constitute the liquid media where catalyze reactions take place; entrapping UCU inside the selectively permeable lipid vesicle membranes; and entrapping catalase together with UCU inside the membranes. The nanosized alkaline enzymosomes containing UCU/(UCU and catalase) (ESU/ESUC) in bicine buffer had better thermal, hypothermal, acid-base and proteolytic stabilities, in vitro and in vivo kinetic characteristics, and uric acid lowering effects. The favorable microenvironments were conducive to the establishment of the enzymosomes with superior properties. It was the first time that two therapeutic enzymes were simultaneously entrapped into one enzymosome having the right type of buffer to achieve added treatment efficacy. The development of ESU/ESUC in bicine buffer provides valuable tactics in hypouricemic therapy and enzymosomal application.

The development of niosome-based AM nanocarriers provides valuable tactics in antibacterial therapy and in non-lecithoid niosomal application.

Enzyme therapy has unique advantages over traditional chemotherapies for the treatment of hyperuricemia, but overcoming the delivery obstacles of therapeutic enzymes is still a significant challenge. Here, we report a novel and superior system to effectively and safely deliver therapeutic enzymes. Nanosomal microassemblies loaded with uricase (NSU-MAs) are assembled with many individual nanosomes. Each nanosome contains uricase within the alkaline environment, which is beneficial for its catalytic reactions and keeps the uricase separate from the bloodstream to retain its high activity. Compared to free uricase, NSU-MAs exhibited much higher catalytic activity under physiological conditions and when subjected to different temperatures, pH values and trypsin. NSU-MAs displayed increased circulation time, improved bioavailability, and enhanced uric acid-lowering efficacy, while decreasing the immunogenicity. We also described the possible favorable conformational changes occurring in NSU-MAs that result in favorable outcomes. Thus, nanosomal microassemblies could serve as a valuable tool in constructing delivery systems for therapeutic enzymes that treat various diseases.

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