Purpose-Granulation tissue is common in otitis media (OM), yet little is known about the signaling pathways in the formation of granulation tissue in response to infections. In this study, we sought to investigate the activation of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway in the formation of granulation tissue in response to middle ear pathogens.Materials and Methods-Rat OM models were made by inoculating pneumococcus type 6A (Pn6A), non-typeable H. influenzae (NTHi) into the middle ear cavity, or by obstructing the eustachian tube (ETO). Various pathway activities in the middle ear mucosa were analyzed with microarrays.Results-The TGF-β signaling pathway was highly regulated in the middle ear cleft with bacterial OM but not ETO. In bacterial OM, the TGF-β signaling pathway products were higher in NTHi-infected ears than in Pn6A-infected ears.Conclusion-Bacterial OM triggers granulation tissue to thrive in the middle ear cleft of rats. NTHi is more potent than Pn6A in the formation of granulation tissue. ETO alone did not contribute to granulation tissue formation in the middle ear.
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