Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common infectious disease caused by enteroviruses (EVs). In this study, a total of 341 children with serious HFMD were admitted to a pediatric hospital in Yunnan, China in 2012 to 2016. EVs were detected in 283 specimens (83.0%) and were assigned to 17 EV types. Enterovirus A71 (EV‐A71) was predominant, accounting for 41.6%, and was followed by coxsackievirus A16 (CV‐A16; 18.8%), CV‐A6 (9.1%), CV‐A10 and E‐9 (2.9%), CV‐B5 (1.8%), CV‐A9 (1.2%), E‐30 (0.9%), E‐18, CV‐A4, C‐B3, and CV‐A2 (0.6%) and other EV types such as CV‐A8, CV‐A14, E‐14, E‐11, and CV‐B4 (0.3%). All of the EV‐A71 isolates belonged to C4a; the CV‐A16 belonged to B1b or B1a, although the B1b strains were predominant; and CV‐A6 belonged to D3. In 2012 to 2014, E‐9 was the third most frequent serotype (8.2%, 5.0%, and 6.5%, respectively). E‐9 was not detected in 2015 and 2016. CV‐A6 was not detected in 2012 but was the second most frequent serotype (25.3%) in 2015. Active etiological surveillance of HFMD makes it necessary to be aware of these emerging pathogens.
After vaccination with enterovirus 71 (EV-A71), the prevalence of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) remained high, and the spatial–temporal distribution of enteroviruses changed. Therefore, it is essential to define the temporal features, spatial distributions, and epidemiological and etiological characteristics of HFMD in Kunming. Between 2017 and 2020, a total of 36,540 children were diagnosed with HFMD in Kunming, including 32,754 children with enterovirus-positive clinical samples. Demographic, geographical, epidemiological and etiological data of the cases were acquired and analyzed. Other enteroviruses replaced EV-A71, and the incidence of EV-A71 decreased dramatically, whereas coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6) and coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) had substantial outbreaks in 2018 and 2019, respectively. The major and minor peaks all extended for 2–4 months compared to before vaccination with the EV-A71 vaccine. From 2019 to 2020, CV-A6, as the predominant serotype, showed only a single peak. Although a high incidence of HFMD was observed in Guandu, Chenggong and Xishan, the annual incidence of different enterovirus serotypes was different in different regions. In 2017, other enteroviruses were most prevalent in Shilin. In 2018, CV-A16 and CV-A6 were most prevalent in Luquan and Shilin, respectively. In 2019, CV-A16 was most prevalent in Jinning. In 2020, CV-A6 and coxsackievirus A10 (CV-A10) were most prevalent in Luquan and Shilin, respectively. Meanwhile, the epidemic cycle of CV-A6 and CV-A16 was only 1 year, and CV-A10 and other enteroviruses were potential risk pathogens. The spatial and temporal distribution of HFMD varies at different scales, and the incidence of HFMD associated with different pathogens has obvious regional differences and seasonal trends. Therefore, research on multivalent combined vaccines is urgently needed, and proper preventive and protective measures could effectively control the incidence of HFMD-like diseases.
Abstract. Multiple myeloma (MM) is a clonal B-cell malignancy charactered by the aberrant proliferation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow. MM is still an incurable malignancy. In this regard, novel treatments are urgently required. MUC1 (mucin 1), a type І transmembrane protein, is overexpressed and aberrantly glycosylated in many carcinomas particularly in MM resulting in an antigenically distinct molecule and may be a potential target for specific immunotherapy. In this study, we first designed a unique DNA vaccine, termed MUC1-2-VNTR (various number tandem repeats) to investigate whether the vaccine could specifically suppress tumor growth in a murine multiple myloma model. Our results showed that the constructed DNA vaccine pcDNA3.1-VNTR elicited both humoral and cellular tumor-specific immune responses in the MM mouse model leading to delay in tumor growth and prolonged survival of the mice. Consequently, our study indicates that this DNA vaccine shows promise to be used as a novel strategy for the treatment of MM.
Background Whether pediatric rotavirus infection is associated with extra-intestinal complications remains unknown. Methods We conducted a case-control study to investigate the incidences and risks of rotavirus-associated extra-intestinal complications in hospitalized newborns, infants and children younger than 5 years. Results A total of 1,325 young inpatients with rotavirus infection (754 male and 539 newborns) and 1,840 controls without rotavirus infection (1,035 male and 836 newborns) were included. The incidences of neurological disease were higher among rotavirus individuals compared with controls: newborns, 7.24% (39/539) vs 2.87% (24/836), p < 0.001; infants and young children, 19.59% (154/786) vs 12.35% (124/1,004), p < 0.001. The associated odd ratios (ORs; 95%CI) for neurological disease frequency following rotavirus infection was 2.64 (1.57-4.44) for newborns; and 1.73 (1.34-2.24) for infants and young children, which climbed to 2.56 (1.57-4.18) in Case-Control (1:1) Matching analysis and 1.85 (1.41-2.42) in confounder adjustment. Moreover, rotavirus infection was associated with other extra-intestinal complications, depending on study population and disease severity. Outcome analysis revealed that rotavirus infection and subsequent consequences had a significant impact on hospitalization and discharge in clinical practice. Conclusions Rotavirus exposure was associated with a spectrum of extra-intestinal complications, particularly neurological disease. Rotavirus infection and subsequent consequences resulted in poor clinical outcomes.
Background Influenza vaccination has been associated with decreased risk of influenza‐related infections. However, associations between influenza vaccination and the severity of influenza cases have not been systematically summarized. We conducted a meta‐analysis to evaluate whether influenza vaccination could attenuate symptom severity in vaccinated influenza patients. Methods A systematic literature search was performed using the PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Scopus databases. A quantitative synthesis of the data was conducted using a fixed/random effects model in the meta‐analysis. Results A total of seven studies, involving 6342 vaccinated and 7036 non‐vaccinated patients were included. Compared with non‐vaccinated, vaccinated patients were significantly less likely to develop a fever (OR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.43–0.89), be admitted to the ICU (OR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.64–0.97), suffer mortality (OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.34–0.89), stay in the ICU (WMD = ‐1.37, 95% CI: ‐2.15 to ‐0.60) or stay in the hospital (WMD = ‐0.32, 95% CI: ‐0.61 to ‐0.04). Conclusion Those benefits that could be highlighted in the communication material to enhance the uptake of influenza vaccination among both the public health nurses and the community as a whole.
Background After the vaccination enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) vaccine and Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, the prevalence of Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) remained high and the spatial-temporal distribution of enteroviruses changed. Therefore, it is essential to define the temporal features, spatial distributions, epidemiological and aetiological characteristics of HFMD of Kunming. Methods Between 2017 and 2020, a total of 36540 HFMD children cases diagnosed with HFMD in Kunming, including 32754 enteroviruses positive clinical samples. Demographic, geographical, epidemiological and aetiological data of the cases were acquired and analyzed. Results Other enteroviruses replaced EV-A71 and the incidence of EV-A71 has decreased dramatically, while, coxsackievirus A6 (Cox A6) and coxsackievirus A16 (Cox A16) with significant outbreaks in 2018 and 2019, respectively. The major and junior peaks all extended for 2-4 months than before that vaccination EV-A71 vaccine. After the COVID-19 outbreak, Cox A6 as the predominant serotype pathogens, and only single peaks appeared in 2019 and 2020. Although the high incidence of HFMD areas were Guandu, Chenggong and Xishan, the annual incidence of different enterovirus serotype appeard in different regions. In 2017, other enteroviruses prevailed in Shilin; In 2018, Cox A16 and Cox A6 prevailed in Luquan and Shilin, respectively; In 2019, Cox A16 prevailed in Jinning; In 2020, Cox A6 and coxsackievirus A10 (Cox A10) prevailed in Luquan and Shilin, respectively. Meanwhile, the epidemic cycle of Cox A6 and Cox A16 was only 1 year, and Cox A10 and other enteroviruses were potential risk pathogens. Conclusions The spatial and temporal distribution of HFMD varies at different scales, and the incidence of different pathogens associated HFMD has obvious regional differences and seasonal trends. Therefore, the research of multivalent combined vaccines are urgently needed, while, proper preventive and protective measures could effectively control the incidence of HFMD-like diseases.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.