The degree of interpenetration is known to influence the gas sorption, catalytic, magnetic and nonlinear optical properties, chirality, and sensing of various molecules but not the solid-state [2 + 2] photocycloaddition reaction. In our previous studies of a solvothermal reaction using dimethylacetamide (DMA) as one of the solvents, a photoreactive 6-fold interpenetrated metal−organic framework with dia topology, [Zn(bpeb)(bdc)] (1) [bpeb = 1,4-bis[2-(4′-pyridyl)ethenyl]benzene; bdc = 1,4-benzenecarboxylate], was isolated. Because of the slip-stacked alignment of a dipyridyl ligand with two conjugated olefin bonds, the [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction occurs under UV light leading to the formation of an organic polymer ligand fused with a coordination polymer, 2. On the contrary, under similar conditions when diethylformamide was used instead of DMA, a 5-fold interpenetrated structure, 3, with the same dia topology was obtained in this work. This has been found to be photostable as also predicted from the analysis of the solid state structure. All the solids show interesting photoluminescence properties, and the emissions were preferentially quenched by curcumin to make these materials as potentially useful sensing agents.

Different types of structural connectivities, topologies, and geometrical variations are possible for a given formula unit in coordination polymers (CPs) and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) structures. This is termed supramolecular isomerism, similar to the isomerism observed in coordination complexes and organic molecules. The supramolecular isomers may exhibit different physical properties and chemical reactivities. Herein a bent dicarboxylate (sdb), a long dipyridyl spacer ligand (bpeb), and Co­(II) have been used to construct two-dimensional (2D) sheets made of wheels and axles. Depending upon the experimental conditions used, seven CPs (1–7) which have the same repeating unit [Co2(bpeb)­(sdb)2] based on a paddlewheel structure have been isolated: a non-interpenetrated 2D sheet (1), two distortional supramolecular isomers (2 and 3), one mutually inclined interpenetrated three-dimensional structure (4), two other compounds isotypical to 2 but with two different guest solvents (5 and 6), and finally 7, a polymorph of 2. It is rather intriguing that such a simple composition can exhibit such diverse solid state structures. The magnetic properties of 2 and 3 have been discussed.

19-membered and a 38-membered macrocycles obtained as a mixture via respective [1 : 1] and [2 : 2] cyclisations were separated and their coordination behaviours with copper(i) iodide were investigated. One of the notable products isolated is a tetranuclear bis(macrocycle) complex with the larger macrocycle adopting a double decker type structure. Furthermore, removal of the lattice solvent molecules in the above complex in air motivates the displacement of the double decker units along the a-axis by sliding in a single-crystal-to-single-crystal manner.

Three double pillared-layer CoII metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with a pcu topology of a long, conformationally flexible, dipyridyl spacer ligand, 1,4-bis[2-(4-pyridyl)ethenyl]benzene (bpeb), and aromatic dicarboxylates (1,4-benzenedicarboxylate (bdc), 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylate (ndc), and biphenyl-4,4′-dicarboxylate (bpdc)) have been synthesised and structurally characterised by X-ray crystallography. The MOFs are denoted as [Co2(bpeb)2(bdc)2]·DMF·3H2O (1), [Co2(bpeb)2(ndc)2]·1.75DMF·3.75H2O (2), and [Co2(bpeb)2(bpdc)2]·3.5DMF·4H2O (3). In the dinuclear repeating unit, four carboxylates are bonded to two CoII atoms forming a (4,4) layer structure. The axial positions are occupied by bpeb ligands. Of these, 1 and 2 have 2-fold interpenetration, whereas 3 displays 3-fold interpenetration. The two bpeb space ligands in 1 have trans,trans,trans and trans,cis,trans conformations. In contrast, the bpeb ligands in 2 and 3 have a trans,cis,trans conformation. Although the olefin groups in two adjacent bpeb ligands, as the double pillars in 2 and 3, satisfy the conditions for photo-dimerisation to occur, they are photo-inactive. The conformational changes of bpeb, bonding modes of the dicarboxylates, and pore sizes in these double pillared-layer compounds have been discussed.

Direct observation and structural characterization of a kinetic product and a thermodynamic product for complexes with an NO 2 S 2 macrocycle (L) are reported. L reacts with copper(I) iodide to give a mononuclear complex [Cu(L)] 2 (Cu 2 I 4 )Á2CH 2 Cl 2 (1), featuring three separate units. When cadmium(II) iodide was reacted with L, an anion-coordinated complex [Cd(L)I] 2 -(Cd 2 I 6 )Á4CH 3 CN (2) with a needle-type crystal shape was formed as the kinetic product. Interestingly, when the needle-type kinetic product was left undisturbed in the mother solution it gradually transformed to the pseudodimer complex [Cd 2 (L) 2 I 2 ](Cd 2 I 6 ) (3) with a brick-type crystal shape as the thermodynamic product. The dissolution-recrystallization process resulted in the elimination of the lattice solvent molecules (acetonitrile) in 2 and the contraction of two neighboring macrocyclic complex units [Cd(L)I] + , forming the pseudo-dimer 3 via an intermolecular CdÁ Á ÁI interaction between two monomers. For the entire process from kinetic to thermodynamic products, it was possible to obtain sequential photographic snapshots, single-crystal X-ray structures and powder X-ray diffraction patterns. For the copper(I) and cadmium(II) complexes, competitive NMR results agree with the solid-state data that show copper(I) has a higher affinity for L than does cadmium(II).

A comparative investigation of the coordination behaviour of a 19-membered NO2S2-macrocycle (L1) and a 20-membered NO2S3-macrocycle (L2) is reported. On silver(i) complexation, L1 yields a discrete endocyclic mononuclear complex, whereas L2 affords a one-dimensional coordination polymer in which the endo-coordinated macrocyclic complex units are linked by silver(i) ions outside the cavity via endo–exo-coordination. The larger ring cavity along with the flexible nature of L2 may induce the weaker endocyclic complexation and contribute to exocyclic coordination as well. In NMR titration studies for the corresponding complex system, however, no evidence of exocyclic coordination was observed. Instead, L1 and L2 form a stable endocyclic 1 : 1 silver(i) nitrate complex, with a higher affinity for the former ligand.

Adrenal cystic lymphangiomas are extremely rare entities that are often identified incidentally, with less than 60 cases reported to date. We found a protruding ovoid mass consisting of a multiloculated cystic lesion within right adrenal gland in the cadaver of a 75-year-old Korean man. The epithelial cells lining the adrenal cyst were diffusely positive for cluster of differentiation 31 and podoplanin, and negative for pan-cytokeratin. The histopathological diagnosis confirmed a cystic lymphangioma arising from the adrenal gland. Post-mortem findings of the present case are discussed based on the clinicopathological features of adrenal cystic lymphangiomas.

In math problems, the pictures are often presented along with the text of the problem. The pictures in math problems play various functions to help or sometimes interfere with students' problem-solving. In order to examine the functions of pictures for successful problem-solving, functions of the picture presented in the first-year mathematics workbooks, the problem-solving process of the 3rd graders, and their perceptions were analyzed. The result of the analysis shows that the functions of pictures were widely used in the order of information, organization, representation, and decoration in both the first and second semesters. In addition, the number of pictures used in the second semester decreased compared to the first semester, and informational pictures appeared the most in all content domains. As for the perceptions of 3rd graders about pictures, they responded that pictures help solve problems in the order of informational, organizational, representational, and decorative functions, which is consistent with the degree of their contribution to problem-solving. Moreover. the problem including the picture was preferred regardless of the function of the picture. Based on the results of this analysis, some didactical implications were proposed for including the pictures in the math textbook or workbook and for using the pictures to guide students to problem-solving.