GI disorders affect the quality of children. Children with Down syndrome have a high prevalence of GI disorders. This study aims to determine the life quality of Down syndrome children with GI disorders. This is a cross-sectional study using the PedsQL GI Symptoms Scale questionnaire & the ROME IV Diagnostic Questionnaire for Pediatric Functional Gastrointestinal Disorder for Children & Adolescents. Samples of Down syndrome children were collected in January-May 2022. The analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25. The study samples include 101 Down syndrome children aged 2-18 years. Nonstructural GI disorders consist of those with GERD (8.9%), those with GERD & diarrhea (1%), those with GERD & constipation (1%), those with diarrhea 3%, and those with constipation 18.8%. Structural GI disorders consist of those with duodenal atresia, Hirschsprung's disease, duodenal stenosis with annular pancreas, and anal atresia (1%, 3%,1%, and 4%, respectively). Down syndrome children without GI disorders had a good quality of life, while 51.5% of Down syndrome children with nonstructural GI disorders have a poor quality of life. The quality of life is impaired on the sub-symptom scale of food and drink limits, swallowing trouble, heartburn and reflux, gas and bloating, constipation, blood in bowel movements.
Background: Health workers as role models play a key role in increasing immunization coverage. The coverage of complete basic immunization in the city of Surabaya is 98.1%, a figure not similar to the incidences of infectious diseases that can be prevented by immunization. This study aims to determine the risk factors for incomplete immunization of the children of health workers. Methods: A case-control questionnaire study comparing incompletely immunized children (case group) and completely immunized children (control group) was done. Participants were children of health workers at a tertiary referral hospital in Surabaya. We conducted interviews and distributed and collected questionnaires from December 2021 to April 2022. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted using the Pearson chi-square test and binary logistic regression. Results: Overall, 148 questionnaires were distributed, 33 of which were excluded due to incomplete data. Therefore, 115 health workers’ children were eligible participants. 62 participants (53.9%) made up the case group, while the control group consisted of 53 participants (46.1%). The average age of the children was 12.5 months, 51.3% were boys and 48.7% were girls. The parental age, parental knowledge, mother's education, and the presence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has a significant association with the children’s immunization status with p-values of 0.043, 0.005, 0.002, and p < 0.001, respectively. The children of health workers with a low level of knowledge are 4.8 times more likely to be incompletely immunized (OR 4.887, 95% CI 1.346–35.152). In addition, the possibility of the incomplete immunization of a child is eight times higher for a low-income family (OR 8.679; 95% CI 1.429–52.701). Conclusions: Low levels of parental knowledge and income are associated with the occurrence of incomplete immunization among the children of health workers at a tertiary referral hospital in Surabaya.
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