Modulated by a host of complex processes, suspended sediment fronts (SSFs) on the inner shelf of the East China Sea persist strongly and vary notably. Using hourly suspended sediment concentration data collected by the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager over the period 2011–2021, a gradient‐based edge detection algorithm was implemented to extract SSFs; the frontal probability (FP) and seasonal and interannual variability were identified and interpreted. Pronounced frontal activity is principally confined to the nearshore waters within the 60‐m isobaths and decreases with increasing offshore distance. Frontogenesis is mainly determined by the bottom topography and tide‐induced mixing. Empirical orthogonal function decompositions reveal that the seasonal cycle dominates the variability of SSFs, which responds to the cycles of winds and related changes in coastal currents and upwelling. The highest FPs are identified in winter when wind‐induced suspended sediment transport and resuspension reach their annual maxima. In summer, stratification and the intrusion of Kuroshio subsurface water are not conducive to frontogenesis. Furthermore, the discharge of the Yangtze River has a certain influence on the frontal variability in the waters around the Zhoushan Archipelago. Notably, the interannual variability of SSFs is modulated by the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation. These findings, based on a comprehensive dataset of SSFs over 10 years, can usefully inform the studies of marine pollutant transport, sedimentary dynamics, fisheries, and wider ecological processes in the study area.

With fast development of industry large quantities of hazardous waste are produced in China. Today, incineration plays an important role in the disposal of hazardous waste. Co-incineration of some types of hazardous wastes with municipal solid waste (MSW) has been suggested in the Proposed Standards for Pollutants for MSW combustors in China, published in 2010. According to this proposal, coincinerated hazardous waste should have similar combustion characteristics with MSW, such as bioferment residue (HW02-276-001-02 in China Hazardous Waste List). In this study, residue from the production of hydrochloride salt spectinomycin, a bioferment process, was studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) coupled with Fourier transform infrared (TG-FTIR) analysis. In TGA, the sample attains its final weight before 800 °C. No gaseous pollutants evolve in large amount during FTIR analysis. During test runs at a MSW incineration plant in Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, bioferment residue was added to MSW at a rate of 24 ton/day and fed to the circulated fluidized bed (CFB) incineration system with capacity of 500 ton/day MSW. The operating parameters and emissions were monitored. The system performance was obviously not affected by addition of bioferment residue to MSW/coal and the pollutant emissions met the Chinese standard, with or without addition of bioferment into feedstock.

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A series of protic acidic ionic liquids have been used as solvents and catalysts for the synthesis of 1,5-benzodiazepines. Success of the condensation appears to lie in the choice of cation-anion combinations and the ionic liquid [HBIm]CF 3 SO 3 was found to be the best. Acidities of five protic acidic ionic liquids have also been investigated using Hammett method in 1,2-dichloromethane solutions. The ionic liquid [HBIm]CF 3 SO 3 can be recovered conveniently and reused for five times without remarkable loss of activity.

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Biofermenting residue (BR) arising from the production of antibiotics was cogasified in an industrial scale MCSG coal-water slurry gasifier. It released large amounts of volatiles during pyrolysis at low temperature (below 650 °C), as follows from thermogravimetric analysis in an inert gas stream. The main evolved volatiles are light gaseous compounds, such as H2O, CO, CO2, and H2 (monitored by MS analysis), and heavy organics with high oxygen content (monitored by FTIR analysis). During industrial scale experimental tests, BR cogasification had little influence on syngas composition, when compared with straight coal-water slurry gasification. The emissions to air from BR cogasification basically meet the emission limits in China. The solid residues produced meet the Chinese requirements of agricultural sludge. Cogasification in a MCSG coal-water slurry gasifier may be a viable alternative solution for BR treatment. However, further research is needed to apply this in other types of gasifiers or to expand the range of waste/biomass cotreatment.

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