Water is essential for crops and plays a vital role in olive (Olea europaea) growth. Three irrigation treatments, rain-fed (CK), flood irrigation (FI), and drip irrigation (DI), were applied from late November to late May in a 2-year study (Nov. 2015 to Oct. 2017) on two olive cultivars, Coratina and Koroneiki. Shoot growth, flower and fruit characteristics, and olive and oil yields were measured. Compared with CK, FI had significantly higher values of vegetative growth, olive and oil yields, moisture content, and oil content. Although the fruit weight, pulp rate, and oil content with DI were the lowest, our results support that DI had the greatest positive effects on olive vegetative growth, flowers, fruit set, and olive and oil yields. It is suggested that DI in winter and spring is the best irrigation strategy for olive productivity in southwest China.
Lipids are an important nutritional component of rice, and lipid content has an important effect on rice eating quality. However, the effects of the fertilizer application rate on lipid synthesis and eating quality of rice are poorly understood. To investigate the effects of phosphorus (P) fertilizer on lipid synthesis and eating quality of rice, we used Nanjing (NJ) 9108 (japonica) and IR72 (indica) rice as experimental materials, and four P levels, P0 (0 kg ha−1), P1 (45 kg ha−1), P2 (67.5 kg ha−1) and P3 (135 kg ha−1). The results showed that the lipid, free fatty acid (FFA) content, unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) content, malonyl-CoA (MCA) content, phosphatidic acid (PA) content, lipid synthesis-related enzyme activities and eating quality of both cultivars increased with increasing P. However, the saturated fatty acid (SFA) content showed the opposite trend. No significant differences were found in pyruvate (PYR) content between P treatments. Protein and oxaloacetic acid (OAA) contents and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase) activity first increased and then decreased with increasing P, which indicated that high P levels could stimulate lipid synthesis more than protein synthesis. Overall, increasing P optimized fatty acid components and increased the lipid content and eating quality of rice by enhancing lipid synthesis-related enzyme activities and regulating substrate competition for lipid and protein synthesis. The optimal P application rate for lipid synthesis and eating quality of both cultivars was 135 kg ha−1.
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