Towards the end of the twentieth century, the world has witnessed an amazing economic take‐off in the East Asia, especially within the territory of so‐called “Greater China”, encompassing the PRC and Taiwan. Against this economic and cultural background, this study surveyed 258 and 189 employees respectively in Taiwan, and the PRC (Shanghai), to examine generalizability of a generic work‐stress model to the Chinese societies. It further examined the sub‐cultural differences in the work‐stress processes, by drawing contrast of the PRC and Taiwan. In addition, roles of emic constructs of Chinese primary and secondary control beliefs were also examined. Results showed that the generic work‐stress model could be reasonably applied to Chinese urban work contexts in the PRC and Taiwan. Work stress related as expected to strain effects. At a more refined sub‐cultural level, it was found that different sources of work stress became salient contributors to strain outcomes in the PRC and Taiwan. These differences reflect the diverse political, social, and economic characteristics of the two Chinese societies. More importantly, emic constructs of Chinese control beliefs were found to have rather consistent direct effects on strain outcomes. However, indirect (moderating) effects of control beliefs were not strong and inconsistent.
Resilience against major disasters is the most essential characteristic of future electrical distribution systems (EDSs). A multi-agent-based rolling optimization method for EDS restoration scheduling is proposed in this paper. When a blackout occurs, considering the risk of losing the centralized authority due to the failure of the common core communication network, the available agents after disasters or cyber-attacks identify the communication-connected parts (CCPs) in the EDS with distributed communication. A multi-time interval optimization model is formulated and solved by the agents for the restoration scheduling of a CCP. A rolling optimization process for the entire EDS restoration is proposed. During the scheduling/ rescheduling in the rolling process, CCPs in EDS are re-identified and the restoration schedules for CCPs are updated. Through decentralized decision-making and rolling optimization, EDS restoration scheduling can automatically start and periodically update itself, providing an effective solution for EDS restoration scheduling in a blackout event. A modified IEEE 123-bus EDS is utilized to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
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