The amount of intrinsic randomness that can be extracted from measurement on quantum systems depends on several factors: notably, the power given to the adversary and the level of characterization of the devices of the authorized partners. After presenting a systematic introduction to these notions, in this paper we work in the class of least adversarial power, which is relevant for assessing setups operated by trusted experimentalists, and compare three levels of characterization of the devices. Many recent studies have focused on the so-called "device-independent" level, in which a lower bound on the amount of intrinsic randomness can be certified without any characterization. The other extreme is the case when all the devices are fully characterized: this "tomographic" level has been known for a long time. We present for this case a systematic and efficient approach to quantifying the amount of intrinsic randomness, and show that setups involving ancillas (POVMs, pointer measurements) may not be interesting here, insofar as one may extract randomness from the ancilla rather than from the system under study. Finally, we study how much randomness can be obtained in presence of an intermediate level of characterization related to the task of "steering", in which Bob's device is fully characterized while Alice's is a black box. We obtain our results here by adapting the NPA hierarchy of semidefinite programs to the steering scenario.

In this Letter we compute an analogue of Tsirelson's bound for Hardy's test of nonlocality, that is, the maximum violation of locality constraints allowed by the quantum formalism, irrespective of the dimension of the system. The value is found to be the same as the one achievable already with two-qubit systems, and we show that only a very specific class of states can lead to such maximal value, thus highlighting Hardy's test as a device-independent self-test protocol for such states. By considering realistic constraints in Hardy's test, we also compute device-independent upper bounds on this violation and show that these bounds are saturated by two-qubit systems, thus showing that there is no advantage in using higher-dimensional systems in experimental implementations of such test.Introduction.-The development of quantum information science is based on a recurrent pattern: nonclassical features of quantum physics, previously considered as mind-boggling and worth only of philosophical chat, are found to have an operational meaning and even to be potentially useful for applications. One of the discoveries that triggered this development is the prediction and observation of the violation of Bell inequalities [1]. This observation implies that correlations obtained by measuring separated quantum systems locally cannot be simulated classically without communication, a fact that is often referred to as nonlocality.Within quantum information, nonlocality has undergone an interesting parable. For many years, it has been put aside as having fulfilled its role: the loathed local variables models having been disposed of forever, one could peacefully concentrate on entanglement theory. Only few researchers kept on believing that this very intriguing observation could be useful for something in itself. The latter view was vindicated a few years ago, when it was noticed that nonlocality allows device-independent assessments: indeed, nonlocality is assessed only from the input-output statistics of the measurement, without reference to the degree of freedom that is being measured. This powerful type of assessment is sensitive to the existence of undesired sidechannels and will be ideal for certification of future quantum devices. So far, device-independent results are available for the security of quantum cryptography [2,3], the quality of sources [4,5] and measurement devices [6], the amount of randomness that one can generate [7,8]. In this paper, we study the possibility of device-independent assessment of one of the earliest proposals to check nonlocality: it used to be called Hardy's paradox but, in the spirit of quantum informa-

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We present a novel three-dimensional (3D) variational aeroelastic framework for flapping wing with a flexible multibody system subjected to an external incompressible turbulent flow. The proposed aeroelastic framework consists of a threedimensional fluid solver with a hybrid RANS/LES model based on the delayed detached eddy simulation (DDES) treatment and a nonlinear monolithic elastic structural solver for the flexible multibody system with constraints. Radial basis function (RBF) is applied in this framework to transfer the aerodynamic forces and structural displacements across the discrete non-matching interface meshes while satisfying a global energy conservation. For the consistency of the interface data transfer process, the mesh motion of the fluid domain with large elastic deformation due to high-amplitude flapping motion is also performed via the standard radial basis functions. The fluid equations are discretized using a stabilized Petrov-Galerkin method in space and the generalized-α approach is employed to integrate the solution in time. The flexible multibody system is solved by using geometrically exact co-rotational finite element method and an energy decaying scheme is used to achieve numerical stability of the multibody solver with constraints. A nonlinear iterative force correction (NIFC) scheme is applied in a staggered partitioned iterative manner to maintain the numerical stability of aeroelastic coupling with strong arXiv:1807.04411v1 [physics.flu-dyn] 12 Jul 2018 added mass effect. An isotropic aluminum wing with flapping motion is simulated via the proposed aeroelastic framework and the accuracy of the coupled solution is validated with the available experimental data. We next study the robustness and reliability of the 3D flexible multibody aeroelastic framework for an anisotropic flapping wing flight involving battens and membranes with composite material and compare against the experimental results. Finally, we demonstrate the aeroelastic framework for a bat-like wing and examine the effects of flexibility on the flapping wing dynamics.

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We present a three-dimensional (3D) common-refinement method for non-matching meshes between discrete non-overlapping subdomains of incompressible fluid and nonlinear hyperelastic structure. The fluid flow is discretized using a stabilized Petrov-Galerkin method, and the large deformation structural formulation relies on a continuous Galerkin finite element method. An arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian formulation with a nonlinear iterative force correction (NIFC) coupling is achieved in a staggered partitioned manner by means of fully decoupled implicit procedures for the fluid and solid discretizations. To begin, we first investigate the accuracy of common-refinement method (CRM) to satisfy traction equilibrium condition along the fluid-elastic interface with non-matching meshes. We systematically assess the accuracy of CRM against the matching grid solution by varying grid mismatch between the fluid and solid meshes over a cylindrical tubular elastic body. We demonstrate second-order accuracy of CRM through uniform refinements of fluid and solid meshes along the interface. We then extend the error analysis to transient data transfer across non-matching meshes between fluid and solid solvers. We show that the common-refinement discretization across non-matching fluid-structure grids yields accurate transfer of the physical quantities across the fluid-solid interface. We next solve a 3D benchmark problem of a cantilevered hyperelastic plate behind a circular bluff body and verify the accuracy of coupled solutions with respect to the available solution in the literature. By varying the solid interface resolution, we generate various non-matching grid ratios and quantify the accuracy of CRM for the nonlinear structure interacting with a laminar flow. We illustrate that the CRM with the partitioned NIFC treatment is stable for low solid-to-fluid density ratio and non-matching meshes. Finally, we demonstrate the 3D parallel implementation of common-refinement with NIFC scheme for a realistic engineering problem of drilling riser undergoing complex vortex-induced vibration with strong added mass effects.