PurposeThe Korean National Cancer Screening Survey (KNCSS) is a nationwide annual cross-sectional survey conducted for the past 15 years. This study aimed to report trends in the overall screening rates of both organized and opportunistic cancer screening programs from 2004–2018. Materials and MethodsKNCSS data were collected using a structured questionnaire. For five major cancers (i.e., stomach, liver, colorectal, breast, and cervical cancer), we evaluated both the lifetime screening rate and the screening rate with recommendations. The study population included men aged 40–74 years and women aged 20–74 years with no cancer histories.ResultsScreening rate with recommendations increased from 2004 annually by 4.4% and 1.5% until 2013 for stomach and liver cancers, respectively, by 4.0% until 2012 for breast cancer, and by 3.6% and 1.2% until 2014 for colorectal and cervical cancers, respectively, followed by nonsignificant trends thereafter. In 2018, screening rates with recommendations for these cancers were 72.8%, 26.2%, 63.1%, 58.4%, and 55.6%, respectively. ConclusionScreening rates for the five types of cancer demonstrated a marked increase between 2004 and 2018. However, many recent screening rates have been flattened with nonsignificant trends, and there are lower rates for cervical cancer screening among young age groups. Steady efforts are needed to achieve higher screening participation rates overall, especially for the cervical cancer screening of young women in their 20s.

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Cisplatin-induced early-onset ototoxicity is linked to hearing loss. The mechanism by which cisplatin causes ototoxicity remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to identify the involvement of receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIP)3-dependent necroptosis in cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in vitro and in vivo. Sprague–Dawley rats (SD, 8 week) were treated via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection with cisplatin (16 mg/kg for 1 day), and their hearing thresholds were measured by the auditory brainstem response (ABR) method. Hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) staining, immunohistochemistry, and western blots were performed to determine the effect of cisplatin-induced ototoxicity on cochlear morphology. Inhibitor experiments with necrostatin 1 (Nec-1) and Z-VAD were also performed in HEI-OC1 cell line. H&E stains revealed that the necroptotic changes were increased in the organ of Corti (OC) and spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs). Moreover, immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis showed that cisplatin treatment increased the protein levels of RIP3 in both OCs and SGNs. The treatment of Nec-1, a selective RIP1 inhibitor, resulted in markedly suppression of cisplatin-induced cell death in HEI-OC1 cells, whereas Z-VAD treatment did not change the cisplatin-induced cell death. Our results suggest that RIP3-dependent necroptosis was substantial in cisplatin-induced ototoxicity; inner cochlear regions, the OCs, and SGNs were especially sensitive to necroptosis.

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic significantly declined cancer screening rates worldwide. Its impact on the South Korean population is unclear, depending on socioeconomic status (SES), residence, and history of chronic disease. This study utilized data (2018–2020) from the Korean National Cancer Screening Survey, an annual cross-sectional study employing nationally representative random sampling. Cancer screening rates were defined as the proportion of the eligible population who received respective cancer screening within the last 1 year and investigated four major cancers (stomach, colorectal, breast, and cervical). Screening rates every year were compared with screening rate ratios (SRRs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Between 2019 and 2020, screening rates declined significantly by 23%, 17%, 12%, and 8% for colorectal cancer (SRR 0.77; 95% CI 0.73–0.82), stomach cancer (SRR 0.83; 95% CI 0.79–0.87), breast cancer (SRR 0.88; 95% CI 0.82–0.93), and cervical cancer (SRR 0.92; 95% CI 0.87–0.97), respectively. Regardless of cancer type, screening was significantly lower in metropolitan residents, those with higher SES, and, interestingly, those without a history of chronic diseases. The significant decline in cancer screening during the pandemic requires urgent political intervention to reduce the burden of future cancer incidence and mortality.

대표적인 non-CO 2 온실가스인 메탄(CH 4 )과 아산화질소이들 온실가스의 배출량을 최소화할 수 있 는 다양한 방법들에 대한 연구가 필요하다. CH 4 와 N 2 O 배 출을 저감할 수 있는 다양한 기술 중, 미생물을 이용한 생물 학적 저감 기술은 물리•화학적인 기술에 비해 경제적이고 환 경친화적 방법으로 주목을 받고 있다[3]. 대부분의 생물학적 CH 4 와 N 2 O 저감기술은 CH 4 를 CO 2 로 산화하거나, N 2 O를 N 2 로 환원할 수 있는 세균을 활용하고 있다[4, 5]. 세균에 의 한 CH 4 산화의 최종산물인 CO 2 도 온실가스이지만, CH 4 의 GWP가 CO 2 의 28배이므로, CH 4 을 1 mole을 제거하면 CO 2 를 28 mole 제거하는 효과가 있다. 비록 CH 4 산화 혹은 N 2 O 환원 세균에 관한 연구가 보고되고 있지만[5, 6], 혁신적인 신기술 개발을 위해서는 새로운 미생물자원 확보를 위한 연 구는 지속될 필요가 있다[7, 8].

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