The etiology and pathogenesis of respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma (REAH) remain poorly understood, although some reports have suggested that REAH features an inflammatory process. T-helper type 9 (Th9) cells are a newly identified subset of CD4+ T-helper cells characterized by the expression of high levels of interleukin (IL)-9, which may promote inflammation. As REAH may involve an inflammatory process, we evaluated whether IL-9 and/or Th9 cells were present in REAH and compared the levels thereof to those of normal nasal mucosa. Eleven patients with REAH and 5 exhibiting cerebrospinal fluid leakage were included in the study. Flow cytometry was used to measure Th9 cell numbers, a cytometric bead assay was applied to measure IL-9 levels, and real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify the levels of mRNA encoding IL-9. Th9 cells, IL-9 mRNA, and IL-9 were detected in all REAH and control samples. The proportion of Th9 cells in the patients with REAH was significantly greater than that in the controls. The expression levels of IL-9-encoding mRNA and IL-9 protein were significantly higher in the patients with REAH than in the controls. The Th9 cell subset was expanded, the synthesis of IL-9-encoding mRNA was upregulated, and IL-9 secretion was increased in REAH tissue, suggesting that Th9 cells play a central role in the pathogenesis of the disease.
According to the traditional AES algorithm, we present an optimized scheme, which offers an implementation of AES key expansion algorithm. The key expansion algorithm is shown by matrix in this scheme, then it is converted to look-up table, we use FPGA which has rich look-up table and storage resources to implement algorithm in parallel. The scheme reduces the complexity of the algorithm. As can be seen from experimental results, according to the needs of the encryption system, the system data processing speed and data throughput can be changed in real-time by changing the system clock.
Microstrip single-band and dual-band bandpass filters (BPFs) are presented in this paper. Firstly, a pair of open-ended stubs of less than λ/4 in length is connected to a uniform impedance resonator (UIR) at two symmetrical positions with respect to its centre, and at the same time other two open-circuited stubs with different lengths are loaded in the middle of the resonator. By virtue of parallel-coupling structure at I/O ports, a single-band BPF is constructed centered at 2.2 GHz with 10.6% 3-dB bandwidth, and two transmission zeros are implemented at the right side of the passband. Next, the L-shaped I/O coupled lines are applied to suppress the inherent spurious response of the stubloaded resonator. As a result, a dual-band BPF with two passbands at 2.2 GHz and 5.2 GHz, which is self-contained with three transmission zeros between the two passbands, is constituted. Finally, the proposed bandpass filters are designed and fabricated to provide an experimental validation for the predicted performances.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.