The RENO experiment has analyzed about 500 live days of data to observe an energy dependent disappearance of reactor νe by comparison of their prompt signal spectra measured in two identical near and far detectors. In the period between August 2011 and January 2013, the far (near) detector observed 31541 (290775) electron antineutrino candidate events with a background fraction of 4.9% (2.8%). The measured prompt spectra show an excess of reactor νe around 5 MeV relative to the prediction from a most commonly used model. A clear energy and baseline dependent disappearance of reactor νe is observed in the deficit of the observed number of νe. Based on the measured far-to-near ratio of prompt spectra, we obtain sin 2 2θ13 = 0. The reactor ν e disappearance has been firmly observed to determine the smallest neutrino mixing angle θ 13 [1-3]. All of the three mixing angles in the Pontecorvo-MakiNakagawa-Sakata matrix [4,5] have been measured to provide a comprehensive picture of neutrino transformation. The successful measurement of a rather large θ 13 value opens the possibility of searching for CP violation in the leptonic sector and determining the neutrino mass ordering. Appearance of ν e from an accelerator ν µ beam is also observed by the T2K [6] and NOνA [7] experiments.Using the ν e survival probability P [8], reactor experiments with a baseline distance of ∼1 km can determine the mixing angle θ 13 and an effective squared-massdifference ∆m where ∆ ij ≡ 1.267∆m 2 ij L/E, E is the ν e energy in MeV, and L is the distance between the reactor and detector in meters.The first measurement of θ 13 by RENO was based on the rate-only analysis of deficit found in ∼220 live days of data [1]. The oscillation frequency |∆m 2 ee | in the measurement was approximated by the measured value |∆m 2 31 | assuming the normal ordering in the ν µ disappearance [10]. In this Letter, we present a more precisely measured value of θ 13 and our first determination of |∆m 2 ee |, based on the rate, spectral and baseline information (rate+spectrum analysis) of reactor ν e disappearance using ∼500 live days of data. The Daya Bay collaboration has also reported spectral measurements [11].The RENO uses identical near and far ν e detectors located at 294 m and 1383 m, respectively, from the center of six reactor cores of the Hanbit (known as Yonggwang) Nulcear Power Plant. The far (near) detector is under a 450 m (120 m) of water equivalent overburden. Six pressurized water reactors, each with maximum thermal output of 2.8 GW th , are situated in a linear array spanning 1.3 km with equal spacings. The reactor flux-weighted baseline is 410.6 m for the near detector and 1445.7 m for the far detector.The reactor ν e is detected through the inverse beta decay (IBD) interaction, ν e + p → e + + n, with free protons in hydrocarbon liquid scintillator (LS) with 0.1% Gadolinium (Gd) as a target. The coincidence of a prompt positron signal and a mean time of ∼28 µs delayed signal from neutron capture by Gd (n-Gd) provides the distinctive IBD signatur...

With the great interest in "plasmonics", metallic nano structures have been used for optical applications. The accompanying optical resonance, known as surface plasmon resonance (SPR), has highly motivated researchers because this unique optical phenomenon shows strong interaction with lights within a tiny volume of space. Surface plasmons (SPs) in optically thin metal fi lms contribute to extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) through subwavelength apertures. [ 1 ] Therefore, researchers have suggested plasmonic color fi lters (PCFs) with a selective fi ltering function in subwavelength metallic holes. [2][3][4][5][6] Color fi lters, widely used for the industrial devices such as organic light emitting diodes, liquid crystal displays, and CMOS image sensors, are composed of organic dyes. The fi ltering performance originating from the color sensitivity of the dyes is degraded by heat and ultraviolet radiation due to the low chemical stability of the organic materials. [ 7 ] In addition, the complex structure requires a highly-accurate aligned lithography to spatially separate colors by pixel unit.On the other hand, PCFs have an optically thin metal layer, and their transmittance can be tuned by the geometrical and material conditions: the periodicity, size and shape of holes, the thickness of metal, and the optical constants of the materials. This simple and thin structure is advantageous for assembly into other devices without worry about degradation by heat and light. More recently, PCFs integrated on top of the CMOS image sensor have been reported, [ 6 ] and experimental analysis of spatial cross talk and the effect of defect has been performed in detail. [ 5 ] These results have shown greater possibility for PCFs in industrial applications. However, the fabrication methods used up to now to make plasmonic structures, such as nanoimprinting, [ 8 ] electron beam lithography [2][3][4][5][6] or the focused ion beam method, [ 1,9 ] restrict mass-production of PCFs, leading to problems of low speed, small patterning area, and high cost of equipment.Here we suggest a fabrication fl ow including a laser interference lithography (LIL) step. Contrary to above-mentioned technologies, LIL, with simple maskless equipment, yields perfect ordering patterns, which are, as they must be, spatially coherent over a large area. Although LIL has a limitation in that it can only fabricate simple periodic patterns, it is an attractive additional solution to add to the conventional methods for applications in which periodic patterns are desirable. [ 10 ] In this regard, fabrication of plasmonic color fi lters with LIL enables us to suggest the easiest method to achieve large size PCFs without losing performance aspect. Additionally, a single pixel of the PCFs can be reduced to 1 µm-size; [ 5 ] the interference pattern, with a period of hundreds of nm, is small enough to separate the patterned area into pixel units. Thus, it is possible to effect spatial separation of colors by simple shadow masking and multi exposure. More compli...

The Reactor Experiment for Neutrino Oscillation (RENO) has been taking electron antineutrino (ν e ) data from the reactors in Yonggwang, Korea, using two identical detectors since August 2011. Using roughly 500 live days of data through January 2013 we observe 290 775 (31 514) reactorν e candidate events with 2.8% (4.9%) background in the near (far) detector. The observed visible positron spectra from the reactorν e events in both detectors show a discrepancy around 5 MeV with regard to the prediction from the current reactorν e model. Based on a far-to-near ratio measurement using the spectral and rate information, we have obtained sin 2 2θ 13 ¼ 0.082 AE 0.009ðstat:Þ AE 0.006ðsyst:Þ and jΔm

Numerous methods have been employed for utilizing inorganic thin films to improve the stability of transparent photovoltaics (TPVs). However, the use of these methods was restricted due to limitations involving restricted physical dimensions, complex fabrication processes, visible transparency, and photovoltaic performance. In this study, a novel approach to novel TPVs based on wide band gap inorganic thin-film solar cell devices was first proposed. This approach was based on an Sb2S3 thin-film absorber and the optical optimization of a planar-type solar cell device structure. High-quality and uniformly thick Sb2S3 thin films were deposited via atomic layer deposition (ALD) to produce a high-quality transparent absorber layer for a planar-type transparent thin-film solar cell. To maintain the light transmittance of ALD-Sb2S3 solar cell devices, a flat indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate, a low-temperature-processed ALD TiO2 electron-transport layer (ETL), and an ultrathin Au top electrode were systematically combined with the transparent ALD-Sb2S3 absorber layer. The transparent ALD-Sb2S3 solar cell device showed a power conversion efficiency of 3.44% and an average light transmittance of 13%. These results proposed the technological possibility of using novel inorganic transparent Sb2S3 solar cell devices for transparent applications, such as self-powered transparent displays, high-efficiency tandem solar cells, robust bifacial solar cells, and so on.

We report on the optical and electrical properties of a novel plasmonic chromatic electrode (PCE). The PCE was composed of a metallic nano-hole array and ITO layer as a dielectric for electrical property. The structure design was optimized to obtain the matched condition between surface plasmon modes at the top and bottom metal-dielectric interfaces for high transmittance. The fabricated PCEs have high transmittance of 25~40% and low resistivity (level of 10−5 Ωcm) compared to conventional electrodes. Due to the multi-functionality and simple structure of PCEs, we predict the PCEs can be applied for advanced industrial use such as, high resolution, flexible, and stretchable devices.