BackgroundThe U.S. Food and Drug Administration has published new pregnancy and lactation labelling rules that set standards on the presentation of information with regard to drug usage during pregnancy and breastfeeding, as well as the effects on fertility. These guidelines became effective June 30, 2015, and classified the risks of using prescription drugs during pregnancy in three detailed subsections: Pregnancy, Lactation, and Females and Males of Reproductive Potential. These sections describe the risks within a real-world context of caring for these patients.ObjectiveIn this study, we reclassified and categorized drugs and treatments commonly used in dermatology according to these new guidelines.MethodsWe performed a search of the medical literature about the use of relevant prescription drugs during pregnancy and breastfeeding and their effect on fertility. The search included prospective and retrospective studies, review articles from PubMed-indexed journals (from inception to November 2018), U.S. Food and Drug Administration records, pregnancy exposure registries, relevant information and studies provided in drug labeling by companies, and updated pharmacologic texts and guidelines up to 2018.ResultsTopical immunomodulators, systemic immunomodulators (including biologics), systemic antipruritic agents, antimicrobials, as well as acne, hair, and cosmetic agents were included. We have made best attempts to review and consolidate existing and new data and include them in our guide.ConclusionThis new narrative format facilitates prescribing by considering a variety of factors. One previously overlooked aspect was the impact on the reproductive potential of both male and female patients. Rather than depending on overly simplistic letter risk categories, dermatologists will now need to make prescribing decisions based on each patient and the information provided, which will allow for better decision making and patient care.

Orbital reconstruction is a difficult procedure, success of which is dependent on the surgeon's experience. The lack of objective methods requires a fair amount of estimation is its execution. This study evaluates the efficacy of Kolibri (BrainLab, Munich, Germany), an intraoperative navigation device, in improving outcomes. From 2004 to 2009, 58 patients with orbital trauma who underwent surgery at the National University Hospital, Singapore, were included in this prospective matched control trial. Twenty-nine consecutive patients underwent surgery with Kolibri. The control group underwent surgery without the device. Both groups were matched for age, sex, orbital wall fracture, preoperative ophthalmologic features, etiology and severity of trauma, surgical approach, and types of implant used. The postoperative follow-up was at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. For subjective assessment, the postoperative ophthalmologic features, including diplopia, infraorbital hypoesthesia, ophthalmoplegia, and enophthalmos, were compared. At 1, 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively, there were fewer patients with postoperative ophthalmologic complications in the study group (italicized; n = 29) compared with the control group (n = 29; P < 0.05): 12/29 (41%) versus 21/29 (72%), 8/29 (28%) versus 19/29 (66%), 5/29 (17%) versus 15/29 (52%), and 2/29 (7%) versus 12/29 (41%). For objective assessment, using the Kolibri workstation, operative plans were created and fused with postoperative computed tomographic scans. Vertical distances between the actual reconstructed and planned orbital floors were measured. On average, the vertical distance measured from the boundaries of floor defects for patients in the study group was 3.24 mm (95% confidence interval, 1.56-4.91) lower than the control group (P = 0.001). In conclusion, navigation minimizes postoperative complications, reduces the need for repeat procedures, and helps surgeons with planning, execution, and postoperative assessment.

Background: ‘Atopic dirty neck' is a poorly understood acquired hyperpigmentation in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). Objective: To report a single-centre experience with synthesis of this entity's features. Methods: All patients with AD with dirty neck seen over a 5-month period at the National Skin Centre were invited to participate. Results: Out of 544 AD patients examined, 78 (14.3%) had acquired pigmentation of the neck. The majority had moderate-to-severe underlying eczema. Histopathology showed increased epidermal melanin and dermal melanophages, a thickened basement membrane and a dense superficial perivascular infiltrate. Conclusion: Acquired atopic hyperpigmentation has a high prevalence, particularly in adolescent Asian males. Clinico-pathological correlation suggests it results from both frictional melanosis and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. The rippled appearance and the onset in adolescence are probably due to accentuation of the juxta-clavicular beaded lines. Optimal control of eczema may improve and potentially prevent the development, which is of importance considering the psychosocial impact of the condition.

BackgroundThe combination of polycaprolactone and hyaluronic acid creates an ideal environment for wound healing. Hyaluronic acid maintains a moist wound environment and accelerates the in-growth of granulation tissue. Polycaprolactone has excellent mechanical strength, limits inflammation and is biocompatible. This study evaluates the safety and efficacy of bio-conjugated polycaprolactone membranes (BPM) as a wound dressing.Methods16 New Zealand white rabbits were sedated and local anaesthesia was administered. Two 3.0×3.0 cm full-thickness wounds were created on the dorsum of each rabbit, between the lowest rib and the pelvic bone. The wounds were dressed with either BPM (n=12) or Mepitel (n=12) (control), a polyamide-silicon wound dressing. These were evaluated macroscopically on the 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th postoperative days for granulation, re-epithelialization, infection, and wound size, and histologically for epidermal and dermal regeneration.ResultsBoth groups showed a comparable extent of granulation and re-epithelialization. No signs of infection were observed. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in wound size between the two groups. BPM (n=6): 8.33 cm2, 4.90 cm2, 3.12 cm2, 1.84 cm2; Mepitel (n=6): 10.29 cm2, 5.53 cm2, 3.63 cm2, 2.02 cm2; at the 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th postoperative days. The extents of epidermal and dermal regeneration were comparable between the two groups.ConclusionsBPM is comparable to Mepitel as a safe and efficacious wound dressing.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

BACKGROUND Picosecond lasers have become very popular in the treatment of hyperpigmentation. OBJECTIVE Evaluating the efficacy and safety of picosecond 755-nm laser in treatment of nevi of Ota (NO) and Hori's nevi (HN) in Asians with Fitzpatrick skin Types III/IV. METHODS A retrospective review of patient records at the National Skin Center, Singapore, from 2015 to 2017. Three independent blinded dermatologists assessed pre-and-post treatment photographs using the physician's global assessment (PGA) score (0-clear, 1-almost clear, 2-mild, 3-moderate, and 4-severe). RESULTS There were 18 cases of NO and 11 cases of HN. Mean treatment sessions were 2.22 (NO; range 1–6) and 3.82 (HN; range 1–6). In the NO group, mean pre-and-post treatment PGA scores were 3.1 and 1.3, respectively (1.8 point change, p -value 0.0002), and average fluence used was 2.02 J/cm 2 (range: 1.02–2.38). In the HN group, mean pre-and-post treatment PGA scores were 2.6 and 1.1, respectively (1.5 point change, p -value 0.004), and average fluence was 2.08 J/cm 2 (range: 1.98–3.40). Eleven patients (37.9%) experienced postlaser erythema, and 1 (3.4%) patient developed transient postlaser hypopigmentation. No permanent hyper/hypopigmentation was seen. CONCLUSION The picosecond 755-nm laser is effective in the treatment of dermal pigmentary conditions in Asians with Fitzpatrick skin Types III/IV, with minimal risk of postlaser complications, and compared with the center's past experience with the Q-switched nanosecond 1064-nm laser, results in faster and more effective pigment clearance.