The immunomodulatory effects of adipokines have been extensively studied in rheumatic diseases, and there is a paucity of information regarding their effects on bone metabolism.The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between serum adipokines levels and radiographic progression over 2 years in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS).In this preliminary longitudinal study, we prospectively recruited 20 consecutive male patients with AS and 11 gender- and age-matched healthy subjects. At the baseline and 2-year follow-up, serum adiponectin, leptin, resistin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, and Dickkopf-1(DKK-1) levels were measured in AS patients using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays; these measurements were only performed at the baseline for healthy controls. Radiographic progression was determined as the modified Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spine Score (mSASSS) progression of ≥2 by comparing the baseline and 2-year follow-up radiographs.All AS patients were naive to TNF-α blockers at the enrollment and during the 2-year follow-up period and their median disease duration was 51.5 months. At the baseline, the serum resistin, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels were significantly higher in AS patients than in controls. At the 2-year follow-up, the median mSASSS of AS patients was found to be significantly increased from the baseline (8–10.5, P = .001) and 7 (35%) AS patients showed radiographic progression. In AS patients, the leptin and resistin levels were significantly higher at the 2-year follow-up than at the baseline. The baseline resistin levels and changes in leptin levels from the baseline to the 2-year follow-up were significantly higher in AS patients with radiographic progression than in those without radiographic progression (P = .002 and .024, respectively). The baseline resistin levels and the increase in leptin levels during the follow-up period significantly correlated with changes in mSASSS (ρ = 0.528 and 0.559, P = .017 and .01, respectively). No association between changes in serum adipokine levels and disease activity in AS patients was observed.Our findings suggest that leptin and resistin may contribute to the pathogenesis of new bone formation rather than to inflammatory processes and have the potential to be used as biomarkers of the structural outcome of AS.
Recently, ‘Arte Museum’ has been gaining popularity. In this study, the direction pursued by the 'Arte Museum' was found to be in 'site-specific art', which reveals the place and considers the audience's reaction to be a formative element in completion element of the work. This study compares the way in which the place of 'Jeju' is expressed in the Jeju Arte Museum with the method of expression in the Yeosu and Gangneung Arte Museums. In doing so, the study attempts to uncover what exhibition contents are needed to continuously develop the Jeju Arte Museum. To this end, this paper explores the characteristics of 'Arte Museum' through theoretical discussions on 'site-specific art' and examines place and audience in the exhibition contents of Arte Museum in Jeju, providing comparisons to the Yeosu and Gangneung cases. A scenography approach is adopted to reveal the place of Jeju and which is recognized as an approach for inducing specific reactions from an audience, specifically focusing nature and cultural heritage, as a framework for analysis. Through this, we compare the difference in the way Yeosu and Gangneung reveal the space of place and the audience, and we investigate whether these places have succeeded in establishing themselves in the context of site-specific art with the potential to transform the region. Through this, it is intended that we can learn more deeply about the effect of local culture in the case of the successful mobilization of audiences, specifically while utilizing local nature and heritage of interest to locals.
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