A series of 2,6- and 2,7-bis(styryl)anthracene derivatives with the donors at the styryl group and acceptors at the 9,10-positions have been synthesized, and their two-photon cross sections (Phidelta(max)) were determined. These compounds exhibit a peak two-photon absorptivity (delta(max)) in the range of 700-2500 GM at 780-1030 nm. Values of lambda(max) and Stokes shifts increase as the acceptor is changed to a stronger one. There is also a parallel increase in lambda(2)max and delta(max) with the same variation of the chromophore structure. Both lambda (2)(max)and Phidelta(max) have been optimized by introducing donor-substituted styryl groups at the 2,6-positions and p-cyanophenyl groups at the 9,10-positions, respectively. The effect of a pi center on the two-photon absorption properties has been assessed by comparing the existing data for a variety of D-pi-D derivatives.
Background and Purpose: REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) in Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with characteristic clinical subtypes and prognosis. In addition, nigrostriatal pathway, the most vulnerable anatomical area in PD, formed neuronal network interplaying with cortical and subcortical structures, and which may cause PD clinical phenotype. We evaluated the regional selectivity of presynaptic striatal dopaminergic denervation associated with RBD in PD. Methods: We compared two groups (n = 16) of PD patients with and without RBD in terms of specific binding ratios (SBR) in subregions of the striatum, which were measured using positron emission tomography with 18F-FP-CIT. SBRs of the anterior and posterior caudate, ventral striatum, and posterior and ventral putamen regions were measured in more or less affected side, and right or left side, or bilateral sum of the striatum. Results: Age, disease duration, and severity of parkinsonism were not significantly different between groups. Although group differences in all areas were not significant with multiple comparison corrections, SBR of the ventral striatum and anterior caudate in sum of both sides was significantly less in the RBD than in the non-RBD group without correction (p < 0.05). In the right anterior caudate and left ventral striatum, SBR was also lower in the RBD than in the non-RBD group without correction (p < 0.05). Attention function was impaired in the RBD group compared with the non-RBD group (p < 0.05). However, these statistical significances were not definite after correction of multiple comparisons (p > 0.05). Conclusions: There is a possibility that RBD in early PD may be associated with presynaptic dopaminergic denervation in the ventral striatum and anterior caudate, which may explain decreased attention in our RBD group. RBD in PD may imply a distinct pathological progression. However, further study using large numbers of participants or longitudinal observation is necessary for the statistical conclusion because of small sample size.
This study investigated the management importance and performance level of foodservice managers at senior centers. Using the survey, perceived importance and performance levels of seven foodservice management areas were evaluated and analyzed. Data showed the foodservice facilities were being managed by dietitians (61.6%) or non-dietitians (38.9%). The result indicated that overall importance level (3.43) was higher than performance level (3.02) (p<.01). As of the IPA result, dietitians and non-dietitians had different perspectives in terms of managing the eight categories of foodservice areas. The differences in the IPA results between the two groups may reflect bias attributable to the respondents' degrees of knowledge and professional preparation. The research findings could enhance our understanding of importance of hiring professional dietitians to operate foodservice at senior centers and find out which management area should be concentrated for more effective foodservice management.
Objectives The purpose of this study is to verify how an empathic communication program using play affects children’s emotional regulation ability, emotionality, and peer relationship skills as perceived by teachers, thereby providing foundational data for development programs of children's emotional regulation ability, emotionality, and peer relationship skills. Methods The subjects of the study were a total of 30 children who are five years old, 15 children in the experimental group and 15 in the control group, respectively, and the subjects were attending a kindergarten in N-gu, Seoul, and their parents expressed concerns about their children's adaptation to school after entering elementary school in a situation where they could not use educational institutions due to social distancing measures due to COVID-19. For the young children subjected to the experiment, the empathic communication program using play was implemented 9 times; for the young children in the control group, free choice play in the NURI Curriculum was conducted. The collected data were subjected to independent sample t-test and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) using SPSS 21. Results The research results are as follows. The empathic communication program using play had a significant effect on children’s emotional regulation ability, emotionality, and peer relationship skills perceived by teachers. This suggests that the higher the empathic communication ability of young children, the higher their emotional regulation ability, emotionality, and peer relationship skills. These findings indicate that young children have the ability to accurately recognize their own emotions through empathetic communication using play in a social environment, in addition to being able to control and utilize them appropriately. Also, it can be identified that emotional exchange, which refers to children empathetically communicating when they express negative emotions, is effective in emotionality, and children with developed peer relationship skills demonstrate effective empathetic communication and cooperate with each other, which indicates that they can participate in mutually-cooperative play. Conclusions This study is significant research in that, despite the period of COVID-19, the study showed that pro-social skills are helpful to preschoolers about to enter elementary school based on a teaching-learning method that verifies the effectiveness of children's emotional regulation ability, emotionality, and peer relationship skill development. Furthermore, this study is meaningful in that it confirmed the value of empathetic communication programs using play.
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