Extraction properties of different solvents (chloroform/methanol, hexane/isopropanol, and hexane) were studied for the gas chromatographic analysis of conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) from probiotic bacteria grown in de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe medium. As compared with chloroform/methanol and hexane/isopropanol, hexane showed comparable extraction efficiency for CLA from unspent de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe medium, but showed minimal extraction of oleic acid originated from the emulsifier in broth. The extraction efficiency of CLA by hexane was influenced by the broth pH, showing the optimal pH of 7.0. Repeated extraction with hexane increased the yield. Extraction with hexane showed excellent recovery of spiked CLA from the spent broth with up to 97.2% (standard deviation of 1.74%). This represents the highest recovery of CLA from culture broth ever reported. The sample size was also successfully reduced to 0.5 mL to analyze CLA from the broth without impairment of analytical data. This smaller sample size in the 1.5-mL microcentrifuge tube using a small bench-top centrifuge reduced analytical time significantly.
This study aimed to assess the trend of the maintenance status and usability of public automated external defibrillators (AEDs). Public AEDs installed in Seoul from 2013 to 2017 were included. An inspector checked the maintenance status and usability of the AEDs annually using a checklist. During the study period, 23,619 AEDs were inspected. Access to the AEDs was improved, including the absence of obstacles near the AEDs (from 90.2% in 2013 to 99.1% in 2017, p < 0.0001) and increased AED signs (from 34.3% in 2013 to 91.3% in 2017, p < 0.0001). The rate of AEDs in normal operation (from 94.0% in 2013 to 97.6% in 2017, p < 0.0001), good battery status (from 95.6% in 2013 to 96.8% in 2017, p = 0.0016), and electrode availability increased (from 97.1% in 2013 to 99.0% in 2017, p < 0.0001); the rate of electrode validity decreased (from 90.0% in 2013 to 87.2% in 2017, p < 0.0001). The overall rate of the non-ready-to-use AEDs and AEDs with less than 24-h usability accounted for 15.4% and 44.1% of the total number of AEDs, respectively. Although most AEDs had a relatively good maintenance status, a significant proportion of public AEDs were not available for 24-h use. Invalid electrodes and less than 24-h accessibility were the main reasons that limited the 24-h usability of public AEDs.
The purpose of this study is to identify the relationship between ego integrity, death anxiety and social support of the elderly. The subjects of the study were a total of 224 elderly people aged 65 or older living in 5 cities. The research method collected data using structured questionnaires, the collected data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient statistical techniques. The result of the study showed that there was a statistically significant negative correlation between ego integrity and death anxiety, and there was a significant positive correlation between ego integrity and social support. In conclusion, in order to improve the ego integrity of the elderly, it is necessary to lower death anxiety and increase social support. The results of this study can be used as basic data for subsequent studies related to the ego integrity of the elderly, and in the future, it is suggested to carry out research on the development of ego integrity improvement program considering the characteristics of the elderly residence type.
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