No abstract

The present results indicate that BPA is excreted into the breast milk in addition to the urine and feces. Therefore, it is important to reduce both direct and indirect dietary BPA intake.

Considerable numbers of pregnant women do not understand the correct way to use seatbelts; thus, they are inappropriately restrained when wearing seatbelts. To improve appropriate seatbelt wearing by pregnant women vehicle passengers, we examined their use by pregnant women drivers and the independent factors influencing appropriate use. We undertook a cross-sectional survey of 1,000 pregnant women in Shiga Prefecture, Japan. Among 774 returned questionnaires, we analysed those of 680 pregnant women who always wore a seatbelt. The mean participant age was 31.4 ± 5.0 years and mean gestational age 26.2 ± 8.2 weeks; 97.7% of subjects always wore a seatbelt; 86.9% wore a seatbelt correctly and 13.1% incorrectly. Multivariate analysis indicated that receiving information about correct seatbelt use (odds ratio, 2.25; P < 0.005) and gestational age (odds ratio, 1.06; P < 0.001) were significant independent factors for correct seatbelt use. Providing information about correct seatbelt use during the early term is required for pregnant women to protect both the mother and fetus.

Background: Glutamic acid, an amino acid that exhibits umami taste, is utilized in Japanese food and is abundant in human milk. We examined the influence of maternal habitual eating behavior on glutamic acid concentration in human milk. Research Aim: To determine the association between maternal dietary behaviors at the end of pregnancy and the 1st month postpartum and glutamic acid concentration in colostrum and mature milk. Method: This was a prospective, correlational, one-group longitudinal study. Women aged 20–30 years during the third trimester of pregnancy ( N = 30) consented to participate and completed the data collection. Dietary history questionnaires were used to measure food intake. Glutamic acid levels in whey from colostrum and mature milk and in plasma during late pregnancy and the first month postpartum were measured. Data were considered significant at p < .05. Basic statistics, correlation coefficients analysis, unpaired t test, and one-way analysis of variance were performed. Results: Glutamic acid concentrations in human milk and plasma were found to be significantly associated with the consumption of several different foods. There was no association between glutamic acid concentrations in human milk and plasma or between glutamic acid concentrations in colostrum and mature milk. The glutamic acid content of mature milk differed by physical activity level (mild and moderate) during the first month postpartum ( t [46] = 2.87, p < .01). Conclusion: There was no clear association between habitual dietary behavior and glutamic acid concentration in human milk. However, maternal factors other than diet may be important and require additional research.

No abstract