Intercomparison of pitch measurements for one-dimensional-grating standards (240 nm pitch), one of the widely used reference standards for nanometric lateral scales, was performed by three different methods, optical diffraction, critical dimension scanning electron microscopy and nanometrological atomic force microscopy. Average pitch values obtained by the three methods deviated by a maximum of only 0.67 nm with expanded uncertainties (k = 2) of less than 1.2 nm. The calculated E n number, the index of measurement quality, of less than 1 indicates consistency of the measured pitch values and subsequent uncertainty analyses performed by three methods.
Hospitalised moderate-severe dementia patients had a high prevalence of oral health conditions unnoticed by doctors and ward staff that may increase risk of incidents and/or accidents.
Suramin was earlier reported to show inhibitory effects on the mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier. However, two important questions, i) whether it shows a specific inhibition of the ADP/ATP carrier when applied to isolated mitochondria, and ii) whether it inhibits the mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier only from the cytosolic side or from the matrix side, as has been observed with its canonical inhibitors of carboxyatractyloside or bongkrekic acid, remain to be answered. In the present study, we sought exact answers to these questions. As for the first question, suramin showed certain inhibitory effects on the mitochondrial respiratory chain; and at a concentration of 25 μM it showed strong inhibition of the mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier. This property was due to its weaker inhibitory effects on the mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier than those of carboxyatractyloside or bongkrekic acid. As for the second question, suramin inhibited the ADP/ATP carrier from both sides of the mitochondrial inner membrane. Thus, suramin was concluded to be utilizable as a new type of inhibitor for the ADP/ATP carrier; but we must pay attention to its side-effects, especially when it is applied to whole mitochondria.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.