Hydraulic and heat transfer properties of artificially fractured rocks are the key issues for efficient exploitation of geothermal energy in fractured reservoirs and it has been studied by many previous researchers. However, the fluid temperature evolution along the flow path and rock temperature changes was rarely considered. This study investigated flow and heat transfer characteristics of two sets of fractured granite samples each with a single fissure. The samples were collected from a geothermal reservoir of Gonghe basin in Qinghai province in China. The results show that the larger area ratio, the higher hydraulic conductivity exhibited. Hydraulic conductivity of fractured rock masses is positively proportional to injection pressure, but inversely proportional with both confining pressure and temperature. In order to analyze heat transfer during the flow process, temperature distribution along the flow path in a fracture was monitored. The temperature of the fluid was determined to increase with distance from the flowing inlet. Increasing the temperature of the rock or decreasing the injection pressure will raise the temperature at the same location. Furthermore, in order to understand the heat transfer in rock mass, temperature distribution was observed by using an infrared thermal camera. Finally, the energy exchange efficiency during the flowing process was examined. The energy exchange rate increases continuously with the rock temperature, with an effective stress ratio of 1:2.
Geomembrane tube is an alternative method for the construction of flood barriers, cofferdams and breakwaters for flood risk management. Compared to the traditional method of using sandbags to build flood barriers, geomembrane tubes could be inflated very quickly using water, folded and transported easily after the flood recedes and reused in the future. A method of inserting the L-shaped block on the downstream side of a geomembrane tube is proposed to prevent the geomembrane tubes from rolling off or slipping along the ground surface. Numerical studies using particle flow code (PFC 2D ) software are carried out to analyse the behaviour of the geomembrane tube supported by L-shaped blocks. Parametric studies are also conducted to identify the influences from the key factors and to provide predictive charts for practical usage. It is found that the optimum edge length of the L-shaped block is 0.12L and the suggested initial pumping pressure is 0.162γL where L is the cross-sectional perimeter of the geomembrane tube and γ is the unit weight of the filling liquid. The suggested central angle of the segment of the L-shaped block is π/3. The geomembrane tube designed using the suggested parameters can sustain and external water level of 0.296L. K E Y W O R D Sflood, flood barrier, geomembrane tube, geosynthetic, PFC 2D
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