Gastrectomy is the main treatment for gastric cancer (GC) at present. Surgery improves the survival rate of patients, but the complications seriously affect the recovery and lacked effective treatment measures....
Test anxiety creates barriers to learning and performance, which further affects students' social, behavioural, and emotional development. Currently, the medication to treat test anxiety has not been reported yet. Here, we enrolled 120 students to evaluate the effect of probiotic supplement preparation (PSP) on test anxiety from the aspect of the intestinal microbiota. We found that the intake of PSP alleviated the symptoms of depression and anxiety in students with test anxiety by evaluating their mental state using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Hamilton Anxiety Scale. High-throughput sequencing results indicated that the consumption of PSP increased the abundance of Streptococcus and Akkermansia that was lowered by the anxiety state in the intestinal microbiota of students. Meanwhile, taking PSP reduced the level of intestinal pathogens of Fusobacterium and Clostridium as well. In conclusion, our work shows that PSP can reduce test anxiety and restore the disturbed microbiota to the standard level in Chinese college students, rendering the use of PSP a promising strategy for test anxiety.
The last decades of neuroimaging research has revealed atypical development of intrinsic functional connectivity within and between large-scale cortical networks in autism spectrum disorder, but much remains unknown about cortico-subcortical developmental connectivity atypicalities. This study examined cortico-striatal developmental intrinsic functional connectivity changes in autism spectrum disorder and explored how those changes may be correlated with autistic traits. We studied 49 individuals with autism spectrum disorder and 52 age-, sex-, and head motion–matched typically developing individuals (5–30 years old (14.0 ± 5.6)) using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Age-related differences in striatal intrinsic functional connectivity were compared between the two groups by adopting functional network–based parcellations of the striatum as seeds. Relative to typically developing individuals, autism spectrum disorder individuals showed atypical developmental changes in intrinsic functional connectivities between almost all striatal networks and sensorimotor network/default network, with connectivity increasing with age in the autism spectrum disorder group and decreasing or constant in typically developing individuals. Age-related degree centrality and voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity atypicalities in sensorimotor network/default network and voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity disruptions in striatal regions were also observed in autism spectrum disorder. Significant correlations were found between cortico-striatal intrinsic functional connectivities and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule communication/repetitive and restricted-behavior subscores in autism spectrum disorder. Our results indicated that developmental atypicalities of cortico-striatal intrinsic functional connectivities might contribute to the neuropathology of autism spectrum disorder. Lay abstract Autism spectrum disorder has long been conceptualized as a disorder of “atypical development of functional brain connectivity (which refers to correlations in activity levels of distant brain regions).” However, most of the research has focused on the connectivity between cortical regions, and much remains unknown about the developmental changes of functional connectivity between subcortical and cortical areas in autism spectrum disorder. We used the technique of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to explore the developmental characteristics of intrinsic functional connectivity (functional brain connectivity when people are asked not to do anything) between subcortical and cortical regions in individuals with and without autism spectrum disorder aged 6–30 years. We focused on one important subcortical structure called striatum, which has roles in motor, cognitive, and affective processes. We found that cortico-striatal intrinsic functional connectivities showed opposite developmental trajectories in autism spectrum disorder and typically developing individuals, with connectivity increasing with age in autism spectrum disorder and decreasing or constant in typically developing individuals. We also found significant negative behavioral correlations between those atypical cortico-striatal intrinsic functional connectivities and autistic symptoms, such as social-communication deficits, and restricted/repetitive behaviors and interests. Taken together, this work highlights that the atypical development of cortico-subcortical functional connectivity might be largely involved in the neuropathological mechanisms of autism spectrum disorder.
Background: The Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) is a widely used scale in autism clinical intervention research for the assessment of core symptoms and comorbid emotional and behavioral problems among people with autism. The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Simplified Chinese version of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (SC-ABC) using a sample of people with autism in a Chinese population. Methods: In total, we enrolled 799 patients aged 1.5–33 years old. We collected data using the SC-ABC ( n = 799), Autism Behavior Checklist ( n = 743), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale-IV (ADHD-RS-IV) ( n = 433) and Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) ( n = 319). Eighty-four patients were separately assessed with the SC-ABC by two caregivers simultaneously. Forty-four patients were assessed with the SC-ABC again by same caregiver 2 weeks after the first assessment. SC-ABC data from the whole sample were used for confirmatory factor analysis. We evaluated criterion validity using Spearman's correlation coefficient between scores of the SC-ABC and scores of the Autism Behavior Checklist, ADHD-RS-IV and CBCL separately in the whole sample and different age groups. We calculated the intragroup correlation coefficients and Spearman's correlation coefficient for interrater reliability in 84 samples and test-retest reliability in 44 samples. We conducted Cronbach's α for internal consistency. Results: For the SC-ABC, the intragroup correlation coefficients of five subscales and the total score in interrater and test-retest reliability ranged from 0.87 to 0.92 and from 0.93 to 0.97 (all P < 0.01). The Spearman's correlation coefficient of five subscales and the total score in interrater and test-retest reliability ranged from 0.78 to 0.85 and 0.86 to 0.94, respectively (all P < 0.01). Cronbach's α of five subscales and the total score ranged from 0.75 to 0.96 (all P < 0.01). The Spearman's correlation coefficient for criterion validity for the whole sample and different age groups ranged from 0.39 to 0.76 (all P < 0.01). The model fit for the original five factor model was acceptable, with fit indices of SMR = 0.062 and RMSEA = 0.052. Conclusions: The SC-ABC has satisfactory psychometric properties and can be used in the assessment of core symptoms and comorbid emotional and behavioral problems in patients with autism.
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the major cause of pulmonary and bronchial inflammation in infants, young children, and immunocompromised adults, but therapeutic options to control RSV are limited. In the present study a single chain antibody against RSV (GD-scFv) was screened using phage display library panning technology and a full-length monoclonal antibody (GD-mAb) was developed from GD-scFv based on the sequence encoding Ig V H and Ig V L . The anti-RSV potential of GD-mAb was evaluated in vitro and in mice. Our results indicated that both GD-scFv (4.25 ± 2 nM) and GD-mAb (3.13 ± 0.89 nM) showed high binding capability and strong binding specificity to GD protein. GD-mAb effectively neutralized RSV and reduced the plaque number in a concentration-dependent manner through a plaque reduction neutralization assay. In mice, GD-mAb lowered the lung index and reduced the lung virus titer in the mouse lung ( p < 0.05). Antibody treatment reduced the phosphorylated protein level in pathways of TLR4/NF-κB, MAPKs, and PI3K/Akt ( p < 0.05) and correlated with an absence of pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the mouse lung and serum ( p < 0.05). In summary, these data suggest that GD-mAb may be an effective therapeutic agent for the treatment of RSV infections. Importance Currently, only a few therapeutic options are available to control respiratory RSV in humans. In this study, our group developed a full-length monoclonal antibody (GD-mAb) and reported a high binding specificity of the RSV surface glycoproteins G. Moreover, GD-mAb effectively neutralized RSV in vitro , and significantly lowered the lung index and reduced the lung virus titer in an infected mouse lung, which suggests that GD-mAb may serve as an effective antiviral agent for RSV infection.
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