From the perspective of ecological environment and human health, efficient and easily biodegradable starch-based flocculants for replacing the currently used polyacrylamide (PAM) and cationic PAM (CPAM) flocculants are the future development trend. In this paper, starch graft polymerization of acrylamide-allyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (St-g-ATMAC) is prepared by grafting and copolymerizing acrylamide and the short-chain quaternary ammonium cationic monomer ATMAC onto the molecular chain of soluble starch. Compared with PAM and CPAM, this flocculant has a lower water content in the filter cake after treating wastewater, making the subsequent treatment easier. Moreover, the flocculant is resistant to high temperature. Specifically, at 40 °C, the filter cake moisture content (FCMC) is still lower than those of PAM and CPAM. Furthermore, the flocculant is resistant to acid and alkali. In the over-acidic and over-alkaline environment after treatment, the FCMC remains lower than that of the PAM-and CPAM-treated mud cake. In summary, St-g-ATMAC is a new type of water treatment flocculant that can effectively treat wastewater with low dosage, wide temperature, and pH range and has the potential to be widely used in water treatment.
Triphenylmethane dyes not only can be utilized to dye silk, leather, and paper, they also play an important part in treating parasitic, fungal, and bacterial infections of fish and fish...
Background/ObjectiveThe efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on Parkinson’s disease (PD) varies across the stimulation targets. This study aims to estimate the effect of different TMS targets on motor symptoms in PD.MethodsA Bayesian hierarchical model was built to assess the effects across different TMS targets, and the rank probabilities and the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) values were calculated to determine the ranks of each target. The primary outcome was the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale part-III. Inconsistency between direct and indirect comparisons was assessed using the node-splitting method.ResultsThirty-six trials with 1,122 subjects were included for analysis. The pair-wise meta-analysis results showed that TMS could significantly improve motor symptoms in PD patients. Network meta-analysis results showed that the high-frequency stimulation over bilateral M1, bilateral DLPFC, and M1+DLPFC could significantly reduce the UPDRS-III scores compared with sham conditions. The high-frequency stimulation over both M1 and DLPFC had a more significant effect when compared with other parameters, and ranked first with the highest SCURA value. There was no significant inconsistency between direct and indirect comparisons.ConclusionConsidering all settings reported in our research, high-frequency stimulation over bilateral M1 or bilateral DLPFC has a moderate beneficial effect on the improvement of motor symptoms in PD (high confidence rating). High-frequency stimulation over M1+DLPFC has a prominent beneficial effect and appears to be the most effective TMS parameter setting for ameliorating motor symptoms of PD patients (high confidence rating).
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