Lithium plating on graphite anode is triggered by harsh conditions of fast charge and low temperature, which significantly accelerates SOH (state of health) degradation and may cause safety issues of lithium ion batteries (LIBs). This paper has reviewed recent research progress of lithium plating on graphite anode. Firstly, we summarize the forming mechanisms of Li plating with corresponding influence factors, the detecting methods and hazard of Li plating. Then, approaches to suppress Li plating are discussed, including anode surface modification, electrolyte composition optimization and development of optimal charge strategies. Finally, we conclude and propose the remaining challenges and prospects in terms of mechanism research, detecting approaches, and suppressing methods of Li plating. This review highlights the development of Li plating research and plays a guiding rule of further study on Li plating in LIBs. Daozhong Hu (left) is currently a Ph.D. candidate under supervision of Prof. Feng Wu in the School of Materials Science and Engineering at Beijing Institute of Technology. He also works in China North Vehicle Research Institute as a researcher. His major research focuses on failure mechanisms of lithium-ion batteries, including Li plating mechanisms, thermal runaway mechanisms, solid-electrolyte interface reaction mechanisms. Lai Chen (middle) obtained his Ph.D. majoring in Environmental Engineering from Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT) in 2017, and is currently an associate professor at the School of Materials Science and Engineering at BIT. As the principal investigator, he has successfully hosted the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST,
As one of the oldest agricultural crops in China, millet (Panicum miliaceum) has powerful drought tolerance. In this study, transcriptome and metabolome analyses of ‘Hequ Red millet’ (HQ) and ‘Yanshu No.10’ (YS10) millet after 6 h of drought stress were performed. Transcriptome characteristics of drought stress in HQ and YS10 were characterized by Pacbio full-length transcriptome sequencing. The pathway analysis of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) showed that the highly enriched categories were related to starch and sucrose metabolism, pyruvate metabolism, metabolic pathways, and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites when the two millet varieties were subjected to drought stress. Under drought stress, 245 genes related to energy metabolism were found to show significant changes between the two strains. Further analysis showed that 219 genes related to plant hormone signal transduction also participated in the drought response. In addition, numerous genes involved in anthocyanin metabolism and photosynthesis were confirmed to be related to drought stress, and these genes showed significant differential expression and played an important role in anthocyanin metabolism and photosynthesis. Moreover, we identified 496 transcription factors related to drought stress, which came from 10 different transcription factor families, such as bHLH, C3H, MYB, and WRKY. Further analysis showed that many key genes related to energy metabolism, such as citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and ATP synthase, showed significant upregulation, and most of the structural genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis also showed significant upregulation in both strains. Most genes related to plant hormone signal transduction showed upregulated expression, while many JA and SA signaling pathway-related genes were downregulated. Metabolome analysis was performed on ‘Hequ red millet’ (HQ) and ‘Yanshu 10’ (YS10), a total of 2082 differential metabolites (DEMs) were identified. These findings indicate that energy metabolism, anthocyanins, photosynthesis, and plant hormones are closely related to the drought resistance of millet and adapt to adversity by precisely regulating the levels of various molecular pathways.
A design of a V-band Helix-Folded Waveguide (H-FWG) cascaded traveling wave tube (TWT) is presented. In this cascaded structure, a digitized nonlinear theory model is put forward first to simulate these two types of the tubes by common process. Then, an initial design principle is proposed, which can design these two different kinds of tubes universally. Using this principle, a high-gain helix TWT is carefully designed as a first stage amplifier followed by a FWG TWT to obtain high power. Simulations predict that a peak power of 800 W with saturated gain of 60 dB from 55 GHz to 60 GHz can be achieved.
A time-dependent theory for helix traveling wave tubes in beam-wave interaction is presented. The effect of wave on electrons is described by radio frequency (RF) field equations and space charge (SC) field equations, while the effect of electrons on waves is described by electron dynamic equations. The RF field equations are achieved from Ampere’s law and Faraday law, combined with sheath helix model RF field. The SC field equations are achieved from a space charge wave model. The electron dynamic equations are achieved by substituting the RF field equations and the SC field equations into the Lorenz force equation. Using coupling impedance to treat exciting sources of RF field equations, the RF and the SC field equations can be solved with the help of high frequency simulation software, such as HFSS or HFCS, which makes this time-dependent theory more flexible. The feasibility of this theory is proved by numerical simulation.
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