Rheological measurements are used in the food industry to determine physical characteristics of raw materials, as well as semi-finished and finished products. We aimed to study the effects of ingredients and homogenization parameters on the rheological properties of mayonnaise prepared with pumpkin and rice oils, as well as various honeys. Mayonnaise samples were prepared with non-traditional ingredients, namely cold-pressed pumpkin seed oil, refined rice oil, and four varieties of honey (acacia, linden, forest, and spring). The samples were made in the traditional way on an Ultra Turrax T25 IKA homogenizer (3500–24 000 rpm). The rheological properties of honey and mayonnaise were determined on a Brookfield rotational viscometer. Forest honey had the highest viscosity, while linden honey had the lowest viscosity, compared to the other honeys. The sample of mayonnaise with forest honey had the highest effective viscosity (3.427 Pa·s) and consistency (101.26 Pa·sn). The use of whey powder provided mayonnaise with the most optimal rheological parameters. Of all carbohydrates, inulin HD had the best effect on the consistency of mayonnaise, with effective viscosity of 2.801 ± 0.001 Pa·s and a flow index of 0.2630 ± 0.0020. Disaccharides provided mayonnaise with higher viscosity and consistency than monosaccharides. Mayonnaise with fresh egg yolk had higher viscosity (2.656 ± 0.002 Pa·s) and consistency (65.640 ± 0.004 Pa·s) than the samples with other egg products. The rheological characteristics of mayonnaise were also determined by the homogenization time and rotor speed. Increasing the time from 2 to 4 min at 10 000 rpm raised the emulsion’s viscosity and consistency from 6.253 to 8.736 Pa·s and from 77.42 to 134.24 Pa·sn, respectively, as well as reduced the flow index from 0.2628 to 0.1995. The rotor speed of 10 000–12 000 rpm was optimal for mayonnaise with pumpkin and rice oils and honey. The studied samples of mayonnaise with pumpkin and rice oils, as well as honey, belong to non-Newtonian systems and pseudoplastic fluids. The empirical flow curves can be adequately described by the Herschel-Bulkley model. Our results can significantly increase the efficiency of mayonnaise production, improve its quality, and reduce production costs.
The object of study was pasta obtained as a result of 3D printing. This research was aimed to the application of the drying process as a tool to improve pasta 3D printing quality. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of the drying process operating parameters and to find their optimal values to ensure the quality of pasta obtained by 3D printing. Hot air and infrared drying was used to heat the extruded product locally. The response surface methodology was applied for the drying process optimization. Heating power, processing time and distance from the heating source were chosen as the main variables influencing the drying process. The maximum product weight loss combined with the maximum temperature below 100 °C during the entire processing time constituted an optimization challenge. The use of infrared drying was advantageous when processing a layer of pasta dough several millimeters thick and resulted in a drier and harder surface. With a processing time of 1.5 min, the heating power was 2 units, and the distance from the support to the heating source was 1.77 cm. The noted values of the independent variables for the response function can be considered optimal.
Предпосылки проведения исследования: Моделирование наплавленным осаждением - наиболее часто используемая технология 3D-печати в пищевой промышленности. В этой технологии параметры печати и структурно-механические свойства продукта, предназначенного для печати, играют важную роль в качестве конечного продукта.Заполняемый пробел в существующем знании и цель исследования: Данное исследование было направлено на использование процесса сушки в качестве инструмента для улучшения качества 3D-печати макаронных изделий. Целью данной работы было оценить влияние режимных параметров процесса сушки и найти их оптимальные значения для обеспечения качества макаронных изделий, полученных путем 3D-печати.Материалы и методы исследования: Объектом исследования настоящей работы были макаронные изделия, полученные в результате 3D-печати. Для локального нагрева экструдированного продукта используется сушка горячим воздухом и инфракрасным нагревом. Для оптимизации процесса сушки применялась методология поверхности отклика. В качестве основных переменных, влияющих на процесс сушки, были выбраны: мощность нагрева, время обработки и расстояние от источника нагрева. Максимальная потеря массы продукта в сочетании с максимальной температурой ниже 100 °C в течении всего времени обработки составляет задачу оптимизации.Результаты и их применение: Получены уравнения регрессии и поверхности отклика для сушки горячим воздухом. При времени обработки 1,5 мин, значение мощности нагрева составляет 2 ед., а расстояния от подложки до источника нагрева 1,77 см. Отмеченные значения независимых переменных для функции отклика можно считать оптимальными. При этих параметрах обеспечивается температура подложки 140,6 °C, максимальная температура в центре образца 97,9 °C и потеря массы образца 17,7%. Результаты исследования могут быть адаптированы для пищевых продуктов с измененной текстурой, в зависимости от условий постобработки, которым она подвергается.
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