Introduction: Many pathological processes such as infections, intoxications, and malignant tumors were spread through the lymphatic vessels of the thoracic cavity. In the present study, we investigated the anatomy of the lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes of the thoracic cavity in humans. Materials and methods: The examination was performed on 60 cadavers of fetuses (25), newborn children (14), children (11), and adults (10). Lymphatic vessels of the rib periosteum, costovertebral, costotransverse, and sternocostal joints, as well as parietal lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes of the thoracic cavity were studied. A comparative study of arterial, venous, and lymphatic vessels was carried out. Results: The parietal lymph nodes of the thoracic cavity include parasternal (localized along the course of the thoracic arteries and veins), paramammary (located near the lateral edge of the pectoralis major muscle), intercostal, paravertebral, and upper diaphragm. The efferent lymphatic vessels of the periosteum and perichondrium of the first three ribs go to the intercostal lymph nodes, to the parasternal, paravertebral and diaphragmatic lymph nodes. Conclusion: The presence of intercalated lymph nodes on the thoracic cavity is characteristic of the entire lymphatic system and should be considered in the pathology of the thoracic cavity.
Introduction and Aim: In the diagnosis of diseases of the thoracic cavity, it’s important to assess the state of the mediastinal lymph nodes (LNs). In this study, we evaluated the detailed topographic characteristics of the anterior mediastinal LNs by postnatal ontogenesis stages in humans. Materials and methods: Topographic characteristics of the anterior mediastinal LNs were studied on 134 cadavers of different ages; causes of death were not associated with any diseases and/or damage to the thoracic cavity and/or lymphoproliferative disorders. Results: Anterior mediastinal LNs are a constant group of LNs. Out of all anterior mediastinal LNs the more frequently found groups are preaortic and prevascular LNs, rarer ones are LNs of the horizontal chain. LNs of the horizontal chain located on the brachiocephalic trunk were found more frequently in children compared to teens and adults. Conclusion: In the group of preaortic LNs constant LNs are those adjoined to the ligamentum arteriosum and ascending aortic arch; in a group of prevascular LNs adjoined to vena cava superior; in the group LNs of the horizontal chain located on the left brachiocephalic vein.
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