Cancer has been threatening the safety of human life. In order to treat cancer, many methods have been developed to treat tumor, such as traditional therapies like surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, as well as new strategies like photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, sonodynamic therapy, and other emerging therapies. Although there are so many ways to treat tumors, these methods all face the dilemma that they are incapable to cope with metastasis and recurrence of tumors. The emergence of immunotherapy has given the hope to conquer the challenge. Immunotherapy is to use the body's own immune system to stimulate and maintain a systemic immune response to form immunological memory, resist the metastasis and recurrence of tumors. At the same time, immunotherapy can combine with other treatments to exhibit excellent antitumor effects. Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) can convert near-infrared (NIR) light into ultraviolet and visible light, thus have good performance in bioimaging and NIR triggered phototherapy. In this review paper, we summarize the design, fabrication, and application of UCNPs-based NIR photoimmunotherapy for combined cancer treatment, as well as put forward the prospect of future development.
Breaking immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) has unique effects on inhibiting tumor growth and recurrence. Here, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) targeted PdPtCu nanozyme (PNBCTER) is prepared to boost immunotherapy. First, PNBCTER has three kinds of enzyme activities, including catalase (CAT), glutathione oxidase (GSHOx), and peroxidase (POD)‐like activities, which can reshape the TME. Second, PNBCTER kills tumor cells by photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT). Third, guided by TER, PNBCTER not only realizes the combination therapy of PDT, PTT and chemodynamic therapy (CDT), but also damages the ER of tumor cells and actives antitumor immune response, which breaks through the immune blockade of TME. Finally, the NLG919 blocks the tryptophan/kynurenine immune escape pathway and reverses the immunosuppressive TME. The strategy that reshaping the TME by enzyme catalysis and breaking immunosuppression provides a novel way for the application of combination therapy in tumor.
Combined
photothermal/photodynamic therapy is a promising strategy
to achieve an enhanced anticancer effect. However, hypoxia is one
of the representative characteristics of the microenvironment of solid
tumors, which not only attenuates the therapeutic effects but also
promotes tumor invasion and metastasis. Herein, a PtBi-β-CD-Ce6
nanoplatform for the generation of sustained O2 was constructed
for more effective tumor therapy. In detail, the catalase (CAT)-like
nanozyme, PtBi, which could decompose H2O2 to
produce O2, was modified with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD).
O2 would be converted into 1O2 by
PtBi-β-CD-Ce6 for enhanced photodynamic therapy (PDT) under
650 nm laser irradiation. In addition, by reason of excellent absorption
in the near-infrared-II (NIR-II) region, PtBi-β-CD-Ce6 was used
for photoacoustic imaging (PA) and photothermal imaging (PT)-guided
photothermal therapy (PTT) in the NIR-II biowindow. Furthermore, PtBi-β-CD-Ce6
could be elected to serve as a contrast agent for X-ray computed tomography
(CT) imaging due to the apparent X-ray attenuation capability of the
Pt and Bi elements themselves. Therefore, by integrating the advantages
of overcoming the hypoxia function and photothermal effect into a
single nanoplatform, PtBi-β-CD-Ce6 showed an immense possibility
in multimodal imaging-guided combined PDT/PTT.
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