Objective. The objective of the article is the analysis of the state and features of foreign trade in services between Ukraine and the EU in 2015–2019. Methods. Following methods and techniques of knowledge are used during the study: theoretical generalization and comparison, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, grouping, and classification Results. According to the results of the study it is substantiated that at the present stage of development, international trade is characterized by servicing, which is manifested in a significant increase in trade in services, increasing its share and total international trade; this feature of the development of international trade is naturally reflected in the foreign trade relations of individual countries, including Ukraine — in 2015–2019, the volume of Ukraine’s foreign trade in services went up 1.5 times or by 7311.5 million dollars and amounted to 22571.1 million dollars as of 2019. It is established that in 2015–2019.: Ukraine’s main foreign trade partner was the EU, which accounted for an average of 35.4 % of Ukraine’s exports and 42.8 % of imports; the structure of foreign trade of Ukraine and the EU is dominated by foreign trade in goods, but the volume of foreign trade in services is growing dynamically, during the period under review, the volume of foreign trade in services of Ukraine and the EU increased almost 1.4 times or 2173.6 million dollars; the volumes of exports of services prevail over the volumes of imports, which led to a positive balance of foreign trade in services of Ukraine and the EU, which during this period had a tendency to increase; in the structure of foreign trade in services of Ukraine and the EU are dominated by such types of services as: services for processing material resources, transport services, financial services, information services, business services, while in the structure of foreign trade of Ukraine and EU services the largest exports were characterized by processing services material resources, transportation services, information services, business services, imports: transportation services, travel services, financial services, royalties, business services; Ukraine’s most active partners in trade in services were EU countries such as the United Kingdom, Cyprus, and Germany, which accounted for an average of almost 50 % of the total foreign trade in services of Ukraine and the EU. The practical significance of the results is in the possibility of their use in developing a strategy for the development of foreign trade cooperation between Ukraine and the EU.
Objective. The objective of the article is to establish the features of the policy of the European Central Bank in the field of climate change. Methods. In the research process, the following general scientific methods and methods of cognition are applied: methods of scientific abstraction, analysis and synthesis (to study the impact of climate change on the economy and the financial sector), systemic generalization (to systematize risks associated with climate change, determine the measures of central banks regarding minimization of the negative effects of climate change, determination of features of the policy of the European Central Bank in the field of climate change). Results. Based on the results of the conducted research, the impact of climate change on the economy and the financial sector is considered, and climate risks affecting the financial sector are identified (physical risks arising from climate-related hazards that can reduce the value of financial assets and/or increase liabilities), risks of the transition to "green" energy (due to policy changes regarding mitigation and adaptation to climate change, as well as market sentiment and technology changes that may affect the value of financial assets and liabilities), liability risks (due to liability entities for damages related to environmental damage that they may cause); measures to minimize the negative effects of climate change are defined (preliminary determination of climate risks in financial contracts, effective distribution of risks through insurance and reinsurance, assessment of the impact of a natural disaster on inflationary pressure, adjustment of monetary policy if necessary; use of more reliable quantitative assessments based on detailed impact analysis climate risks at the individual sector level; governments announcing a clear and predictable plan for future tightening of carbon policy; central banks incorporating climate variables into their macroeconomic models); the specifics of the European Central Bank's policy in the field of climate change are established (the presence of a strong normative and legal support of the policy in the field of climate change, which covers the monetary policy strategy, the action plan on climate change, the climate agenda with defined strategic priorities and measures; the presence of strategic goals and priorities in the field of climate change, which consist in managing and mitigating financial risks associated with climate change and assessing its economic impact, promoting stable financing to support an orderly transition to a low-carbon economy, sharing the experience of the ECB).
Objective. The objective of the article is the analysis of the state and features of the development of special economic zones in the world.. Methods. The following methods and techniques of cognition are applied in the research process: theoretical generalization and comparison, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, grouping, correlation-regression analysis, clustering. Results. It is determined that among the wide list of indicators of investment attractiveness, the following indicators are most often used and are the most authoritative ones: Doing business Index, The Global Competitiveness Index, Global Innovation Index, Fragile States Index, Legatum Prosperity Index, Index of Economic Freedom, as well as credit ratings international rating agencies, including Moody's, Fitch, etc. Based on the analysis of the relationship between indicators of investment attractiveness and the actual volumes of FDI attraction of 101 countries of the world in 2015-2020, it is established that this relationship can be described as direct (Doing business Index, The Global Competitiveness Index, Global Innovation Index , Index of Economic Freedom) or the reverse (Fragile States index, Legatum Prosperity index); weak (Doing Business Index, Index of Economic Freedom, Fragile States Index) or moderate (Global Competitiveness Index, Legatum Prosperity (economy) Index).It is substantiated that despite the fact that the most representative indicators of investment attractiveness, according to the calculated values of the correlation coefficients, are the Global Competitiveness Index and the Global Innovation Index, however, they do not have a significant impact on the actual volumes of FDI attraction of countries (the correlation coefficient varies within 0, 15-0.39), cannot be used as a dominant determinant for forecasting FDI volumes. It is substantiated that for forecasting the volume of FDI, it is advisable to use not one, but a set of indicators of investment attractiveness. It is established that the composite four-factor regression model based on individual regression equations of countries on indicators of investment attractiveness according to their cluster affiliation has the greatest predictive power.
Objective. The objective of the article is the analysis of the state and features of e-government development in the world in 2010-2020. Methods. The following methods and techniques of cognition are used in the research process: theoretical generalization and comparison, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, grouping. Results. According to the results of the study, it is substantiated that the most representative and authoritative among the indicators that allow to assess the level of development of e-government is the indicator of EGDI; this indicator is calculated on the basis of three complex indicators: the volume and quality of online services, the development of online services (OSI), the state of development of telecommunications infrastructure (TII), human capital (HCI); the EGDI value varies from 0 to 1, where 0 is the minimum value, and 1 is the maximum one. Countries of the world are differentiated according to the value of EGDI into four groups: countries with a very high and high level of e-government development, countries with medium and low level of e-government development. It is established that in 2010-2020: the level of development of e-government in the world increased (if in 2010 the average EGDI in the world was 0,45, in 2020 it was 0,6); there were significant country and macro-regional asymmetries and disparities in the development of e-government. It is substantiated that the undisputed leader among macro-regions in terms of development and speed of transformations aimed at the development of e-government was Europe, the outsider was Africa; the most significant success in the development of e-government in the world was achieved in ensuring the development of human capital, the least — in ensuring the development of telecommunications infrastructure, although the most dynamic transformations in macro-regions were in this direction. Among the countries with the greatest success in the development of e-government were Denmark, the Republic of Korea, Australia, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Netherlands; the smallest — Eritrea, CAR, Chad, Niger, Guinea-Bissau.
Objective. The objective of the research is to identify the state and features of the world venture business development. Methods. Following methods and techniques of knowledge are used in the process of the study: theoretical generalization and comparison, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, grouping, and classification. Results. According to the results of the study, it is found that the number of venture funds in the world is increasing; the largest number of venture funds operates in America, including the USA; the most famous and reputable venture funds are: Intel Capital, Google Ventures, Salesforce Ventures, Comcast Ventures, Qualcomm Ventures, Cisco Investments, Santander InnoVentures, Ascension Ventures, CyberAgent Ventures, SBIInvestment, SMBC Venture Capital etc.; the volume of venture investments in the world in 2012-2019 increased significantly — almost in 6 times; venture investments are not equally distributed by stages of development of innovative entrepre- neurship — the largest volumes of venture investments in 2012-2019 are attracted to «Seed stage» and «Early stage»; it is recorded not only an increase in total venture capital, but also the average size of venture capital per project; the most attractive for venture investors are startups operating in such areas as: software, fintech, pharmaceuticals and biotechnology, consumer goods and recreation; the world leader in terms of venture capital is the United States; the most attractive countries for venture investors are the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore, Australia, Germany, New Zealand and Denmark; since 2014, large companies have been venturing mainly not through their own venture funds, but by joining global venture funds — an average 30 % of the total number of projects supported by venture funds. The practical significance of the results obtained is in the possibility of their use in designing a development strategy and increasing the competitiveness of Ukraine's innovation infrastructure.
Objective. The objective of the article is to determine the main features of consumer behaviour models in food markets on the basis of domestic and global experience of modeling consumer behavior; to investigate the impact of war on changes in both the psychology of consumer behaviour and changes in the activity of the markets themselves in order to take them into account in the process of modeling consumer behaviour in the future. Methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research are the scientific works of foreign and domestic scientists. Dialectical method of learning processes and phenomena (for a general study of the issue of modeling consumer behaviour in the Ukrainian food market); monographic (for analysis and generalization of the theoretical foundations of consumer behaviour modeling); graphic (to display consumer preferences for different categories of goods, peculiarities of purchasing behaviour of Ukrainian consumers during the war and factors influencing consumer choice); index (to assess changes in consumer preferences for different categories of goods); abstract-logical method (for evaluating statistical data and for forming the resulting research conclusions). Results. The components and features of modeling consumer behaviour and the process of making a consumer choice in the food market are considered, the main features that distinguish the food market from other markets are determined. A classification of consumer behaviour modeling types in food markets is proposed. In the subsequent research, it is found out how the consumer goods market of Ukraine changes during the war. The growth of prices for goods in the consumer basket and the restoration and redistribution of logistics supply chains are analyzed. The levels of elasticity of demand for various groups of products are analyzed and it is found that during the war, only 7% of Ukrainian consumers do not limit themselves when buying food products. The main influencing factor on consumer behaviour on the food market in Ukraine is the purchasing power of the population and the level of income of consumers. The study of influencing factors on the consumer's choice of a certain product brand makes it possible to find out that the issues of supporting the army, volunteers, state language and politics take the first places among consumer preferences when choosing a certain product brand. The model of influencing factors on the changing consumer behaviour in the food market of Ukraine during the war is proposed; three main groups of influencing factors that change consumer behaviour in food markets during the war are determined.
Objective. The objective of the article is to study the essence, attributes and specific features of the development of electronic governance as a new phenomenon of public administration. Methods. The following methods and techniques of cognition are applied in the research process: theoretical generalization and comparison, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, grouping. Results. It is established that at the current stage of the development of the theory of public administration, a transformation of the idea of an optimal system of public administration is taking place (transition from a hierarchical system to a horizontal, network system of administration); the subject and object structure of social development management is expanding; the principles of social management are changing; there is a transition from "state-centrism" to "people-centrism". It is substantiated that the most complex concept that reflects modern changes in the theory of social management as fully as possible is the concept of "governance". The main principles of good public administration ("Good Governance") are defined and the features of their evolution are presented. It is substantiated that Good Governance and e-governance are closely related in terms of goals, objectives and principles.Based on the analysis of the variability of the author's approaches to understanding the essence of the concept of "e-governance", the three most common approaches to the interpretation of the essence of this term have been identified: administrative, within which e-governance is understood as a form, a way of organizing state administration, state power; technological and procedural, within which e-government is understood as the use of information and telecommunication technologies (ICT) by the public sector in order to increase the efficiency of the latter's performance of functions; instrumental, within which e-government is understood as an attribute and condition for the formation and development of the information society. The models of interaction that arise between the subjects of public administration in the conditions of the introduction of e-government, stages, development factors and attributes of e-government are identified.
Objective. The objective of the present research is an analysis of the state and features of the development of special economic zones in the world. Methods. The following methods and techniques of cognition were used in the research process: theoretical generalization and comparison, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, grouping. Results. It was established that in 1975-2018, the number of countries in the world in which special economic zones were created increased more than 5 times, and the number of special economic zones - more than 67 times. As of 2018, there were almost 5,400 special economic zones in 147 countries. It was established that the development of SEZs in the world has a wave-like character, three main waves of the development of SEZs in the world were identified: the first wave - the 90s of the XX century; the second wave – the first decade of the 21st century; the third wave – the second half of the second decade of the 21st century. It was established that the development of SEZs in the world is characterized by significant national and macro-regional asymmetries and disproportions. SEZs are developing most actively in developing countries. The countries of the specified group account for 88.6% of the total number of SEZs created in the world, 95.1% - SEZs in the world that are in the process of development, 99% of SEZs that are planned to be created in the world. It was determined that in the group of developing countries, Asia is the macro-region where SEZs are most actively developing.Asia accounts for 75.2% of the total number of SEZs created in the world or almost 85% of SEZs created in developing countries; 78% of the total number of SEZs under development in the world, or 82.3% of SEZs under development in developing countries; almost 83% of the total number of SEZs planned to be established in the world, or 83.5% of the total number of SEZs planned to be established in developing countries. Asia as a macro-region is characterized by significant asymmetries in SEZ development. The most active development of SEZ is observed in the countries of East Asia. Thus, East Asian countries account for 65.4% of the total number of SEZs operating in Asian countries or 49.1% of the total number of SEZs operating in the world. The largest centers of SEZ development are China and India. The area of most SEZs operating in the world in 2018 varied between 100.1 and 500 hectares. Almost 2/3 of the SEZs operating in the world in 2018 can be identified as multi-sector SEZs or SEZs without specialization. It was determined that on a global scale SEZs prove their effectiveness, the activity of SEZs in different countries of the world, even in individual regions of the same country, is characterized by significant differences in the levels of efficiency. Successful development of SEZs takes place when governments apply a strategic approach to the formation of policy frameworks, SEZ development programs, take into account competitive advantages and opportunities of the space where SEZs are created, take into account the requirements of sustainable development, and implement a set of measures aimed at developing SEZ connections with all branches of the national economy, etc.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.