The polymerization of furfuryl alcohol contributes to the formation of the brown colour in heated foods, in addition to the Maillard and caramelization reactions. During the heating of food, furfuryl alcohol is formed via the degradation of quinic acid or 1,2-enediols. Furfuryl alcohol is a mutagenic compound. In acidic conditions it is able to polymerize and form aliphatic polymers that show a brown colour. Herein we show that furfuryl alcohol polymerizes in a model system by incubating it in 1 M HCl at room temperature. Some of the reaction products are dimers, trimers, tetramers, and pentamers with methylene linkages. The degree of polymerization and the amount of those furfuryl alcohol oligomers increased with increasing reaction time. The results of this model system were used to characterize the polymerization of furfuryl alcohol which is produced during roasting of coffee. The coffee was roasted at 210 °C for 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 min with a home coffee roaster. Furfuryl alcohol and its dimer were found in roasted coffee after 2 and 3 min of roasting respectively, reaching a maximum amount after 4 min. Perhaps due to further reactions, the dimeric furfuryl alcohol concentration starts to decrease after 4 min. We propose that the polymers of furfuryl alcohol contribute to the brown colour of roasted foods.

<em>Muffin is a cake whose manufacturing process is very easy, practical and fast. In this study, muffin with a combination sorghum flour and red bean flour are expected to be preferred because have a good nutritional content, especially fiber content. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of adding sorghum and red bean flour to the chemical, physical, and microbiological qualities of the muffins and to determine the best concentration of adding sorghum flour and red bean flour. The experimental design in this study was a completely randomized design with variations of wheat flour, sorghum flour and red bean flour as much as 100: 0: 0 (K), 65: 30: 5 (A), 70:20:10 (B) and 75. : 10:15 (C). The parameters tested in this study included chemical, physical, and microbiological qualities. The results showed that the muffins with the best treatment were the combination of wheat flour, sorghum flour and red bean flour 75: 15: 10%. Muffins with the best treatment containing 25.99% water content, 1.46% ash content, 20.15% fat content, 9.02% protein content, 39.62% carbohydrate content, 12.11% insoluble fiber content, soluble fiber content of 3.92%, texture 133.5 g and microbiological tests which include total plate and yeast mold numbers that meet the SNI standards for sweet bread (SNI 01-2840-1995).</em>

In several countries, moringa leaves are starting to be widely used in food products as an alternative to overcome malnutrition. Malnutrition occurs due to a lack of energy and protein balance which disrupt human physiological function. The lack of micronutrient intakes, such as vitamin A, iron, and zinc, can also cause malnutrition. Moringa oleifera is referred to as the most economical tree. Almost every part of the tree contains abundant nutrients and plays an important role in meeting human nutritional needs. Moringa leaves contain high protein, vitamins, and minerals, to be used as an alternative to overcome nutritional problems. Various studies have concluded that moringa leaves can be used in food products. This review aims to determine the use of moringa leaves to increase the nutritional content in food products. The addition of moringa leaf powder causes a significant increase in protein, fiber, and mineral content in several food products. The addition of moringa leaf powder with the highest concentration resulted in the best increase in protein, fat, fiber, and mineral content in several food products. However, the acceptable concentration of moringa leaf powder addition is not more than 5%. Keywords: mineral content, moringa leaf, nutrient

Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is a pure coconut oil made from mature and fresh coconut meat. VCO is consumed for health-related reasons, but the unsaturated fatty acids of VCO are prone to oxidation. Mixing VCO with peppermint oil, which contains antioxidants, inhibits the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids and thus prevents the rancidity of VCO. This research used the antioxidants from peppermint oil to improve VCO quality. VCO contains antioxidants, such as α-pinene, menthol, 1,8-cineol, camphor, flavonoid, borneol, tocopherol, and carotene. The treatments consisted of three peppermint oil concentrations (2.5%, 5%, and 7.5%) in VCO. Results showed that the additionof peppermint oil significantly improved VCO quality. The optimal concentration of peppermint oil in VCO was 7.5% with a water content of 0.05%, a free fatty acid value of 0.13%, a peroxide value of 0.53 mg eq/kg, an iodine value of 4.42 g I2/100 g, a total plate count of 0 cfu/mL, and antioxidant activity of 90.28%.

Antosianin merupakan pigmen warna pada tumbuhan yang memiliki aktivitas antioksidan. Antosianin dapat ditemukan pada tumbuhan yang berwarna biru atau merah seperti kubis merah. Upaya untuk meningkatkan antioksidan pada bahan pangan salah satunya dengan cara menambahkan bubuk ekstrak antosianin dari tanaman ke dalam bahan pangan sebagai pewarna alami. Produk makanan yang dapat diberi tambahan pewarna salah satunya adalah kue. Cheesecake yang diberi tambahan bubuk ekstrak kubis merah diharapkan dapat disukai karena memiliki penampilan yang menarik dan memiliki manfaat sebagai antioksidan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan bubuk ekstrak kubis merah terhadap kualitas kimia, fisik, mikrobiologi dan organoleptik cheesecake serta mengetahui konsentrasi terbaik penambahan bubuk ekstrak kubis merah. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan variasi bubuk ekstrak kubis merah 0% (kontrol), 5% (A), 10% (B), dan 15% (C). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa cheesecake dengan variasi penambahan bubuk ekstrak kubis merah mempunyai kadar air 42,38-49,06%, kadar abu 0,64-0,84%, kadar protein 4,57-4,81%, kadar lemak 27,17-31,85%, kadar karbohidrat 13,98-24,90%, total fenolik 0,76-1,16 mg GAE/g DW, aktivitas antioksidan 27,27-55,58%, total asam tertitrasi (TAT) 0,01-0,02%, dan uji mikrobiologi yang terdiri dari uji Salmonella dan angka lempeng total yang sudah memenuhi standar yang ditetapkan oleh USDA (United State Department of Agriculture) dan BSN (Badan Standardisasi Nasional). Hasil organoleptik menunjukkan bahwa cheesecake A (5%) merupakan produk yang paling disukai oleh panelis