Concrete is a material that strong in holding compression force but weak in holding tension force so reinforcement is needed to prevent cracks in the pull region. Tuna bone fibers work as reinforcement, which is expected to overcome the problem of brittle concrete and produce ductile concrete. To improve concrete performance, fibers and additives are used. Tuna bone fibers and rice husk ash additives were selected to be able to utilize local natural materials. The purpose of this study is to examine the mechanical properties of normal concrete, which include compressive strength and tensile strength, by adding fiber and ash additives. The percentage of fibers added is 0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% of volume of concrete, and the percentage of additives is 0%, 10%, and 15% of weight of cement. Compression tests were performed to a total of 90 pieces of objects at 7, 28, and 56 days of age. Split tensile tests were performed to a total of 60 pieces of objects at the 28 and 56 days of age. The maximum compressive strength at 7, 28, and 56 days of age are 31.45 MPa, 36.81 MPa, and 41.16 MPa, respectively which were produced by variation BNS1 (BN+fiber 0.5%). The maximum tensile strength at 28 and 56 days of age are 4.08 MPa and 4.12 MPa; respectively which were produced by variation of BNS2 (BN+fiber 1%). All specimens at 7, 28, and 56 days of age produce concrete compressive strength on average 20 MPa of concrete above so that it is categorized into structural concrete.
Seismic loads should be considered in the cost estimation process as a consequence of changes in structural dimensions. Seismic loads received by buildings vary from one region to another, which are used as a basis for dimensioning structural components. This paper aims to investigate the potential cost changes of the reinforced concrete (RC) beam and column elements as an implication of variations in seismic load received by a building constructed in different seismic areas. This study was applied to a prototype of the two-story building. The structure analysis performed with dynamic analysis by varying seismic design categories based on eight seismic zones in the observed area. The utilization of a building prototype was applied to three indices of seismic importance factor to represent the building occupancy category. The results of the study explaining the increase in the total cost of the two RC elements are 0.68%, 1.70%, and 1.54%, respectively, for the seismic importance factor indices of 1.00, 1.25, and 1.50. The variations of the costs due to the factor of seismic load and building occupancy categories indicate that both factors need to be considered in the cost estimation process of buildings.
According to previous studies, it was accepted that masonry infills have a contribution to lateral strength, stiffness, and ductility of reinforced concrete (RC) frames structures. In the past studies, an analytical method of diagonal strut model has developed for evaluating the seismic performance of masonry infill. In this model, the masonry infills were presented by compression struts as distributed forces at the frame-infill interfaces in which the frame-infill contact lengths were evaluated by static equilibrium related to compression balance and lateral displacement compatibility. The lateral strength of infill was determined based on frame-infill contact length. In the current study, an experimental study of quasi-static cyclic lateral loading tests was conducted to evaluate the seismic performance of two-bay brick masonry infilled RC frames. This paper discusses the results of seismic performance brick infills based on experimental and analysis results of the multi-span masonry RC frame applying the diagonal strut model. According to the analytical model, antisymmetric strut was acted at the top and bottom of the middle column of the multi-span infilled frame from each infill. As a result, good agreements of lateral strength of structures were obtained between the experimental and analytical values.
This paper proposes a new out-of-plane strengthening method for masonry walls with passive compression, which is applied to wall cross-section by restraining axial deformation with steel rods. The strengthening mechanism is presented and implemented to verify its availability. Three brick wall specimens were prepared and tested with/without strengthening. As a result, the proposed method significantly improved the structural performance of walls in the out-of-plane direction. Moreover, in this paper, a theoretical calculation procedure is presented for the performance evaluation. The out-of-plane performance of the strengthened specimens was reasonably evaluated through the procedure.
This paper proposes a new out-of-plane loading system for masonry walls. Uniform distributed loads are applied to masonry walls by a rubber airbag. The test system was developed aiming at obtaining basic mechanical characteristics of simply supported masonry walls in the out-of-plane direction. In this study, two kinds of structural tests were conducted (a) to verify the developed loading system by using an aluminum plate specimen, and (b) to evaluate the out-of-plane performance of a brick wall specimen. Consequently, the test results clarified (a) good agreements between the experimental measurements and theoretical estimations, and (b) vulnerability of the brick wall. This paper proposes a new out-of-plane loading system for masonry walls. Uniform distributed loads are applied to masonry walls by a rubber airbag. The test system was developed aiming at obtaining basic mechanical characteristics of simply supported masonry walls in the out-of-plane direction. In this study, two kinds of structural tests were conducted (a) to verify the developed loading system by using an aluminum plate specimen, and (b) to evaluate the out-of-plane performance of a brick wall specimen. Consequently, the test results clarified (a) good agreements between the experimental measurements and theoretical estimations, and (b) vulnerability of the brick wall.
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