В статье представлены результаты исследований возделывания злаковых культур с зернобобовыми в поливидовых посевах для производства сочных кормов. Одним из факторов повышения урожайности надземной биомассы кормовых растений является увеличение листовой поверхности, так как она составляет большую долю выращиваемой продукции. Результаты наших исследований показывают, что в фазу максимального развития (молочно-восковая спелость) в поливидовых посевах площадь листовой поверхности была значительно выше, чем в одновидовых. Биохимический состав зеленой массы кормосмесей представлен основными качественными показателями, такими как: сырой протеин, сырой жир, сырая клетчатка, сырая зола и БЭВ на абсолютно сухое вещество. При анализе полученных данных установлено, что в абсолютно сухих растениях вигны и сои сырого протеина содержится в 2,2-2,5 раза больше, чем в кукурузе и чумизе. В результате опыта выявлены кормосмеси, отличающиеся высоким содержанием сухого вещества: кукуруза в смеси с соей и вигной (8,99 т/га и 8,05 т/га соответственно). Сравнительная оценка вариантов опыта по продуктивности показала, что одновидовые посевы уступали поливидовым. Среди кормосмесей наибольшая урожайность надземной биомассы получена у кукурузы в смеси с вигной-32,22 т/га, у смеси кукуруза с соей урожайность была ниже на 1,6 %, однако сбор сухого вещества и протеина увеличился на 10,4 % и 6,3 % соответственно. Наибольший выход валовой энергии получен при выращивании кукурузы в смеси с соей-154,32 ГДж/га. Интервал изменчивости энергетической ценности в поливидовых посевах составляет 81,34-154,32 ГДж/га.
The article examines the biological value of varieties, hybrids (hybrid populations) and lines of maize selection of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution RosNIISK "Rossorgo" in the framework of the biochemical composition of grain. The main indicators were studied: protein, fat, ash, fiber, starch, and nitrogen-free extractive substances. The maximum protein value of 13.58% was in the RSK 3 maize line. The largest number of mineral substances (1.79%) was also noted here. The highest amount of fat (7.50%) and starch (69.24%) was in the Zuckerka variety. A conclusion was made about the possibility of further selection for the breeding of forms with directional properties and biological value. Keywords: CORN, VARIETIES, BIOLOGICAL VALUE, PROTEIN, FAT, FIBER, MINERAL SUBSTANCES, STARCH
Currently, there is a certain tendency in Russia to increase the acreage occupied by sorghum crops. According to the Federal State Statistics Service, 90.0 thousand hectares of sorghum for grain were sown in 2021, and by 2022 the acreage under sorghum increased by 129.0%, which amounted to 116.0 thousand hectares. The choice of this crop, of course, is determined by its tolerance to soils, high drought resistance, the ability to withstand extreme positive temperatures in arid climatic conditions of Russia without loss of yield and grain quality, which allows the crop to be cultivated in many regions of the Russian Federation. However, the increase in the area of sowing is restrained by insufficient attention of production workers to the requirements of agricultural technology, biological features of culture. Sorghum has a complex of protective properties in relation to diseases, pests and unfavorable conditions: the presence of wax plaque, the content of alkaloids, silica and other substances that provide a high degree of resistance of this culture. Permanent sowing on the same areas leads to the accumulation of a large number of pathogens. Obtaining healthy seed material is one of the main agronomic requirements in ensuring high and stable yields. In this regard, the dependence of the initial growth indicators on the germination of sorghum seeds exposed to pathogens has been analyzed. The degree of damage to sorghum plants by smut diseases has been revealed. Keywords: SORGHUM, FUNGAL DISEASES, SEEDS, PATHOGEN, INFECTION
In the arid conditions of the Lower Volga region, paiza is a promising forage crop. Due to the complex of biological and economically valuable signs and properties, the paiza has a direct relationship between the yield of green mass and precocity, on the one hand, and between the yield of this mass and tallness and foliage, on the other. This choice is also determined by its relative drought resistance and the ability to withstand extreme positive temperatures in arid climatic conditions of Russia without loss of yield and grain quality, which allows it to be grown in many regions of the Russian Federation. The article presents the results of the yield and nutritional value of aboveground biomass in the phase of milk ripeness. Keywords: PAIZA, SELECTION, VARIETY PATTERN, YIELD, ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS
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