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Recently, a number of authors have claimed that sexual dimorphism in the second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is simply dependent on digit length and is an artifact of allometry. The goal of our study is to verify the validity of these assumptions. The study sample comprised 7,582 individuals (3,802 men and 3,780 women) from three large world populations: Europeans (n = 3043), East Africans (n = 2844), and Central Asians (n = 1695). The lengths of the second and fourth digits on both hands were measured. Digit ratios were computed according to standard procedures. Analyses were conducted separately for each hand for the whole sample and in succession for the three large populations. Additionally, we separately tested four age cohorts (≤ 13, 14–18, 19–30, and 31 ≥ years) to test the effect of developmental allometry. The second and fourth digits showed strong positive linear relationships on both hands, and demonstrated an increase with age; digit length in women from the youngest age cohort was longer or equal to that of men, and shorter than men in older age cohorts. However, the 2D:4D magnitude and its sexual dimorphism remained stable throughout the ontogeny. To test for an allometric effect on 2D:4D, the average digit lengths were calculated. Both sex and population origin were permanent reliable predictors of 2D:4D, whereas average digit length was not. Height was applied as another measure of allometric effect on the limited sample (≤ 30 years) from the European population, along with sex and age. No allometric effect was observed in this case. We conclude that sex differences in 2D:4D are not an artifact of allometry.

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Research on attractiveness assessments of men’s dance has shown that raters derive and integrate information about male mating-related qualities into their attractiveness assessments, but prior studies have focused on lay assessors (i.e., individuals with no professional dance background) rather than dance experts. We recruited male and female Russian dance experts ( n = 23) to judge gender-neutral, featureless virtual characters, animated with motion-captured dance movements and gaits of British men, and compared their dance assessments to those from a group of Russian male and female lay assessors ( n = 73). The dance experts provided higher dance and gait attractiveness judgments than the lay assessors. Both groups judged the gait movements to be of higher attractiveness than the dance movements. Differences in attractiveness assessments between experts and lay assessors were larger for the male judges than for the female judges. In an additional survey, the dance experts (versus lay assessors) placed greater emphasis on the importance of dance-related capacities and skills. We discuss our findings with reference to past research on dance/gait attractiveness as assessed by lay judges and the role of expertise in assessing body movement.

ê ôèçè÷åñêîìó ðèñêó-îäíà èç ñîñòàâëÿþùèõ ìàñêóëèííîé ýâîëþöèîííî ñòàáèëüíîé ñòðàòåãèè, õàðàêòåðíîé, ïðåaeäå âñåãî, äëÿ ìóae÷èí, àññîöèèðîâàííàÿ ñ àíäðîãåíèçàöèåé. Êîñâåííûìè èíäèêàòîðàìè àíäðîãåíèçàöèè ìîãóò ñëóaeèòü ïàëüöåâîé èíäåêñ è ñèëà êèñòè.  ðàáîòå ïðåäñòàâëåíû ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèÿ êîìïëåêñà ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèõ ÷åðò è ïîâåäåí÷åñêèõ îñîáåííîñòåé, õàðàêòåðíûõ äëÿ ìóae÷èí, ñêëîííûõ ê ðèñêó, è íà êîíêðåòíîé ïðîôåññèîíàëüíîé ãðóïïå ïîêàçàíà âîñòðåáîâàííîñòü äàííîãî ìîðôî-ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêîãî êîìïëåêñà â ñîâðåìåííîì îáùåñòâå. Ìàòåðèàëû è ìåòîäû. Ìàòåðèàëîì äëÿ èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîñëóaeèëè ðåçóëüòàòû ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêîãî òåñòèðîâàíèÿ è àíòðîïîëîãè÷åñêèõ èçìåðåíèé ðåñïîíäåíòîâ äâóõ ïðîôåññèîíàëüíûõ ãðóïï âûñîêîðèñêîâûõ ìóae÷èí: âîåííûõ èç îòðÿäîâ ñïåöèàëüíîãî íàçíà÷åíèÿ è ñïîðòñìåíîâ-ýêñòðåìàëîâ.  êà÷åñòâå êîíòðîëÿ îáñëåäîâàëàñü ãðóïïà ìîëîäûõ ìóae÷èí, ñòóäåíòîâ ìîñêîâñêèõ âóçîâ, íå çàíèìàþùèõñÿ ýêñòðåìàëüíûìè âèäàìè ñïîðòà. Îáùèé ðàçìåð âûáîðêè-375 ÷åëîâåê. Âîçðàñòíîé äèàïàçîí-îò 19 äî 42 ëåò. Ìîðôîôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèå ïàðàìåòðû ïðåäñòàâëåíû ïàëüöåâûì èíäåêñîì íà ïðàâîé è ëåâîé ðóêå è ðåçóëüòàòàìè èçìåðåíèé ñèëû êèñòè (òàêaeå ïðàâîé è ëåâîé ðóê). Ðåçóëüòàòû. Âîåííûå è ñïîðòñìåíû äîñòîâåðíî îòëè÷àëèñü îò êîíòðîëÿ áîëåå íèçêèìè ïàëüöåâûìè èíäåêñàìè è áîëüøåé ñèëîé êèñòè. Áëîê ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèõ òåñòîâ âêëþ÷àë: îïðîñíèêè íà âûðàaeåííîñòü ÷åðò ëè÷íîñòè, íà ñàìîîöåíêó àãðåññèâíîñòè è óðîâíÿ äîìèíàíòíîñòè, òåñòû íà ñêëîííîñòü ê ïîèñêó íîâûõ îùóùåíèé è óðîâåíü ýìïàòèè. Ïðè ñðàâíåíèè ñ êîíòðîëåì áûëî ïîêàçàíî, ÷òî ìóae÷èíû èç äâóõ âûñîêîðèñêîâûõ ãðóïï îòëè÷àþòñÿ áîëüøåé óðàâíîâåøåííîñòüþ è äîáðîñîâåñòíîñòüþ, à òàêaeå ëó÷øå êîíòðîëèðóþò ãíåâ è âðàaeäåáíîñòü. Âìåñòå ñ òåì, ïðåäñòàâèòåëè ýòèõ äâóõ ïðîôåññèîíàëüíûõ ãðóïï ðàíüøå ñâåðñòíèêîâ íà÷èíàëè ïîëîâóþ aeèçíü è áûëè îðèåíòèðîâàíû íà ïîèñê íîâîãî îïûòà. Îáñóaeäåíèå. Ìû ïðåäïîëàãàåì, ÷òî âñå ýòè ÷åðòû õàðàêòåðèçóþò óñòîé÷èâûé ìîðôî-ïñèõî-ëîãè÷åñêèé êîìïëåêñ, â ýâîëþöèîííîì ïðîøëîì îáåñïå÷èâàþùèé óñïåøíîñòü ìóae÷èí â ïîëó÷åíèè äîñòóïà ê öåííûì ñðåäîâûì ðåñóðñàì è ïîëîâûì ïàðòíåðøàì â ìåíÿþùèõñÿ óñëîâèÿõ.  ñîâðåìåííîì èíäóñòðèàëüíîì îáùåñòâå ñïîñîáíîñòü ïðèíèìàòü íà ñåáÿ ðèñêè ïðîäîëaeàåò áûòü âûèãðûøíîé ñòðàòåãèåé.

Ýâîëþöèîííàÿ òåîðèÿ ïðåäïîëàãàåò, ÷òî ìåaeãðóïïîâûå êîíôëèêòû, ñîïðîâîaeäàâøèå ÷åëîâå-÷åñòâî íà âñåì ïðîòÿaeåíèè åãî èñòîðèè, ìîãëè ñïîñîáñòâîâàòü ôîðìèðîâàíèþ ñïåöèôè÷åñêèõ ìîðôîïñèõîòèïîâ, à òàêaeå ñûãðàòü âàaeíóþ ðîëü â ðàçâèòèè ïîâåäåí÷åñêèõ ñòðàòåãèé, íàïðàâëåííûõ íà êîîïåðàöèþ ñ ÷ëåíàìè ñâîåé ãðóïïû.  ñòàòüå àíàëèçèðóþòñÿ ìîðôîëîãè÷åñêèå ïàðàìåòðû ìóae÷èí, àññîöèèðîâàííûå ñ ìàñêóëèííîñòüþ, à òàêaeå óñòàíîâêè íà ýìïàòèþ è âçàèìîïîìîùü è èõ ñâÿçü ñ ïðîôåññèîíàëüíîé äåÿòåëüíîñòüþ, çíà÷èòåëüíîé ÷àñòüþ êîòîðîé ÿâëÿåòñÿ âîâëå÷åííîñòü â ðåàëüíûé íàñèëüñòâåííûé ìåaeãðóïïîâîé êîíôëèêò ëèáî ïîäãîòîâêà ê òàêîãî ðîäà ñòîëêíîâåíèÿì. Ìàòåðèàëû è ìåòîäû. Ìàòåðèàëîì äëÿ èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîñëóaeèëè ñîöèî-äåìîãðàôè÷åñêèå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè, ñàìîîöåíêè ïî óðîâíþ ýìïàòèè è óñòàíîâêàì íà âçàèìîïîìîùü, à òàêaeå äàííûå àíòðîïîìåòðèè ïî äâóì ãðóïïàì ìóae÷èí: âîåííûì-äåñàíòíèêàì è ñåëüñêèì aeèòåëÿì. Îáùèé ðàçìåð âûáîðêè ñîñòàâèë 200 ÷åëîâåê, èç íèõ-100 âîåííûõ è 100 ñåëüñêèõ aeèòåëåé. Ñðåäíèé âîçðàñò â ãðóïïå âîåííûõ-26,8±4,8 ëåò, â ãðóïïå êîíòðîëÿ-33,9±7,3. Ìîðôîôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèå ïàðàìåòðû ïðåäñòàâëåíû ïàëüöåâûì èíäåêñîì, ðåçóëüòàòàìè èçìåðåíèé ñèëû êèñòè, äàííûìè î ðîñòå è âåñå ðåñïîíäåíòîâ. Ðåçóëüòàòû. Âîåííûå äîñòîâåðíî îòëè÷àëèñü îò êîíòðîëÿ áîëåå íèçêèìè ïàëüöåâûìè èíäåêñàìè è èìåëè áîëåå íèçêèé BMI (body mass index, èíäåêñ ìàññû òåëà). Ìóae÷èíû èç ãðóïïû êîíòðîëÿ áûëè ñòàðøå è âûðîñëè â áîëåå ìíîãîäåòíûõ ñåìüÿõ. Âñå ýòè ôàêòîðû è èõ âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ó÷èòûâàëèñü ïðè àíàëèçå ðàçëè÷èé ìåaeäó ãðóïïàìè ïî ñàìîîöåíêàì óðîâíÿ ýìïàòèè (ó âîåííûõ îí áûë â öåëîì äîñòîâåðíî âûøå, èñêëþ÷åíèå ñîñòàâèë èíòóèòèâíûé êàíàë ýìïàòèè) è óñòàíîâîê íà âçàèìîïîìîùü (äåñàíòíèêè â êîíôëèêòíîé ñèòóàöèè äîñòîâåðíî ÷àùå ãîòîâû áûëè ïîääåðaeàòü ðîäñòâåííèêà, íî ïðè ýòîì ðåaeå ñîãëàøàëèñü ñ óòâåðaeäåíèåì, ÷òî ñëàáûõ íóaeíî çàùèùàòü). Îáñóaeäåíèå. Ïîëó÷åííûå ðåçóëüòàòû îáñóaeäàþòñÿ â êîíòåêñòå òåîðèè êîîïåðàòèâíîãî ïîâåäåíèÿ. Äåëàåòñÿ âûâîä î òîì, ÷òî ñïîñîáíîñòü ê ýìïàòèè è âçàèìîïîìîùü êàê âàaeíûå ñîñòàâëÿþùèå âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ â ãðóïïå ìîãóò áûòü ÷àñòüþ ïîâåäåí÷åñêîé ñòðàòåãèè ïàðîõèàëèçìà. Ýòà ñòðàòåãèÿ ñôîðìèðîâàëàñü â èñòîðè÷åñêîì ïðîøëîì â óñëîâèÿõ ïîñòîÿííûõ ìåaeãðóïïîâûõ êîíôëèêòîâ è ëåaeàëà â îñíîâå âíóòðèãðóïïîâîé ñïëî÷åííîñòè.