Produksi kakao di Indonesia mengalami penurunan setiap tahunnya yang dipengaruhi oleh luas areal dan produktivitasnya dan perkebunan rakyat memiliki kontribusi tertinggi daripada perkebunan kakao lainnya. Provinsi Jawa Timur merupakan salah satu provinsi penghasil kakao rakyat di Indonesia dan terdapat isu peralihan komoditas kakao pada beberapa lokasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis trend peramalan luas areal dan produktivitas kakao pada perkebunan rakyat di Indonesia dan Jawa Timur serta untuk mengetahui alasan petani kakao dalam melakukan peralihan komoditas. Metode yang digunakan adalah ARIMA (Box-Jenkins) dan deskriptif. Hasil analisis menggunakan ARIMA (Box-Jenkins) menunjukkan trend peramalan luas areal dan produktivitas kakao rakyat di Indonesia mengalami penurunan menjadi 1.248.963,32 ha untuk luas areal dan produktivitasnya meningkat menjadi 0,43 ton/ha. Sedangkan trend peramalan luas areal dan produktivitas kakao rakyat di Jawa Timur mengalami peningkatan yaitu menjadi 49.653,48 ha dan 0,67 ton/ha pada tahun 2030. Alasan utama petani kakao beralih usahatani yaitu mudahnya budidaya komoditas lain sebanyak 46,67%.
<em>The contribution of cocoa plantations to the income of farmers is an important issue for farm-scale development. Cocoa plant is an annual plant that is capable of producing a year only once. In order to earn income every month, the farmers implement intercropping pattern in their cocoa farming folk. Application of intercropping patterns on their farm has a linkage with the components of the costs incurred to cultivate these plants. This research was carried out to determine: (1) the application of intercropping patterns and the reasons for choosing one type of intercropping pattern on cocoa farming folk; (2) the differences of cost efficiency in each intercropping patterns on cocoa farming folk; (3) the differences of profitability in each intercropping patterns on cocoa farming folk; (4) the differences of labor productivity in each intercropping patterns on cocoa farming folk. This research location was decided by purposive method in Subak Abian Amertha Nadi, Yeh Embang Kauh Village, Mendoyo Distric. The research method which are used in this research are descriptive, comparative and analytical. Data analysis method which are used in this research are R/C ratio, revenue analysis, and labor productivity. The research results showed that : (1) cloves provide the greatest contribution to revenue in the fourth intercropping patterns and the farmers reasons for choosing intercropping patterns, among others : hereditary system, large gains, increasing yields, profits every time, and risks of failure; (2) cost efficiency among the four intercropping patterns were not significantly different, (3) gains among the four intercropping patterns were not significantly different; (4) labor productivity among the four intercropping patterns also were not significantly different.</em>
Contract farming (CF) is an important tool to initiate structural transformation of agricultural sector in developing countries. However, one of pertinent problems in its establishment is asymmetric information. This problem creates a condition of mutual distrust between the contracting parties and decreases farmer’s participation in it. Thus, this study aimed to explain the asymmetric information problem in CF and find the correlates of farmer’s participation in it. As one of important industrial crops, this study focused on tobacco CF. This study was conducted at two villages (Antirogo and Nogosari) on two different sub-district (Sumbersari and Rambipuji) in Jember. A sample of 113 farmers were interviewed to collect the data. A descriptive analysis was used to explain the contract arrangement and asymmetric information in tobacco CF. A probit estimation was used to identify the coorelates of farmer’s participation in tobacco CF. The results showed that asymetric information does exists in tobacco CF and can be minimized through intense monitoring and increased transparancy. Both of these are possible when the company contracting directly with farmers. Meanwhile, younger farmer and those with more land are more likely to participate in CF. Furthermore, participation in CF is highly correlated with the increases in farm income. Finally, policy aimed to fostering CF should focused more on regulation that minimize the transaction cost of CF. In addition, in the long term, the policy should focused on incentivize young farmers and encouraging youth to enter agriculture.
Padi merupakan komoditi tanaman utama bagi mayoritas petani di Kabupaten Jember, oleh karena itu dibutuhkan sistem pemasaran padi yang sesuai. Penelitian ini bertujuan: (1) mengetahui mekanisme sistem pemasaran padi di Kabupaten Jember; (2) mengetahui ada tidaknya perbedaan pendapatan yang diterima petani dengan sistem tebasan dan jual sendiri; dan (3) mengetahui dampak sistem tebasan terhadap kondisi sosial ekonomi petani. Penentuan daerah penelitian secara purposive method yakni di Kabupaten Jember. Metode penelitian menggunakan metode deskriptif, analitik, dan komparatif dengan 60 sampel yang dilakukan secara purposive dan incidental sampling. Metode analisis data dengan deskriptif, analisis pendapatan, dan uji beda rata-rata (uji t). Kesimpulan penelitian: (1) Mekanisme sistem jual sendiri: mayoritas petani responden menjual langsung ke pedagang dalam bentuk gabah Kering Sawah (GKS) dengan tenaga kerja panen borongan atau harian. Upah tenaga kerja menjadi tanggung jawab petani. Biaya angkut dan biaya pengemasan (zak) ditanggung pedagang. Transaksi penjualan dilakukan di tempat pedagang. Mekanisme sistem tebasan melibatkan peluncur sebagai penghubung antara penebas dengan petani. Padi yang ditebaskan berumur kurang dari 1-2 minggu sebelum panen, terjadi tawar-menawar harga antara peluncur dengan petani atau antara petani dengan penebas. Jika terjadi kesepakatan harga maka penebas akan memberikan uang muka pembayaran atau uang panjer dan sisanya akan dibayarkan pada saat panen. Keseluruhan biaya tenaga kerja dan biaya panen lainnya menjadi tanggung jawab penebas. (2) Analisis pendapatan menunjukkan rata-rata pendapatan per ha petani sistem tebasan lebih tinggi Rp. 1.531.506,535/ha dibanding sistem jual sendiri. Uji statistik menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan nyata antara rata-rata pendapatan petani dengan sistem tebasan dan sistem jual sendiri. (3) Dampak positif tebasan: mengurangi/meminimalkan resiko dan memudahkan petani dalam proses panen dan pemasaran. Dampak negatif: mengurangi kesempatan kerja di lingkungan sekitar petani, mengurangi pendapatan masyarakat pengasak di lingkungan sekitar petani, dan adanya kecurangan pihak penebas dengan tidak tepat janji mengenai pembayaran.
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