This study investigated relations among measures of perceived control, autonomy, and self-regulated learning strategies for 228 junior high school (90 in Grade 7 and 138 in Grade 8) and 306 senior high school (184 in Grade 11 and 122 in Grade 12) students. Participants completed three self-report questionnaires designed to measure control beliefs, strategy beliefs, capacity beliefs, seven types of motivation, and two types of self-regulated strategies. Confirmatory factor analysis identified the structure of perceived control modeled by Skinner, Chapman, and Baltes (1988), the seven-factor structure of autonomy by Vallerand, Pelletier, Blais, Briere, Senecal, and Vallieres (1992, 1993), and the two types of self-regulated learning strategies by Pintrich and De Groot (1990). Significant "grade" differences were obtained in several measures. Canonical correlation was used to investigate the relations between perceived control and autonomy measures. Finally, multiple regression analysis was used to investigate the relations between perceived control and self-regulated learning strategies and between autonomy and self-regulated learning strategies. Implications of the results are presented.
A practical method to synthesize sulfinate esters from aryl iodides is disclosed. Direct oxidation of thioesters prepared by copper-catalyzed C–S formation of aryl iodides realized the efficient synthesis of sulfinate...
In proportion to the rapid advance of computational chemistry for rational drug design, the development of convenient methods for predicting various physicochemical parameters is getting more and more important. Among many parameters that are expected to correlate with bio-activity, the hydrophobicity of molecule, usually expressed by log P oct (P oct : 1-octanol/water partition coefficient), is one of the most important parameters used for quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) studies. 1,2) We have so far studied systematically log P oct values for heteroaromatic compounds and found it very important to estimate correctly the contribution of hydrogen-bonding effects involved in log P oct values for reliable prediction of log P oct .3-6) Many efforts have been devoted to developing appropriate parameters to describe the hydrogen-bonding abilities. Among them, the indicator variable HB 7) and Abraham's hydrogen-bond acidity and basicity scales 8,9) are most frequently used. Although the HB parameter is easy to use and the performance is good, 7) this scale is not "pre-established". Also although the Abraham's scales are "pre-established", appropriate experimental data are needed to derive these parameters. To overcome these problems, we have recently defined a new hydrogen-bond-accepting parameter, S HA , for monosubstituted (di)azines with hydrogen-accepting substituents, Ar N -X, 5) on the basis of the heat of formation calculated in various dielectronic environments by semi-empirical MO calculations with the conductor-like screening model (COSMO) method. 10) We verified it's availability by correlating log P oct with the log P values derived from the chloroform/water partitioning system, log P CL , and also with the chromatographic retention factor, log k, which reflects the partitioning of compounds between stationary and mobile phases. The S HA parameter worked effectively to express the hydrogen-bond effects involved in the relationship between two different partitioning systems, providing Eq. 1 as the general formula. 5,6,11) log P CL (log k)ϭa log P oct ϩrsϩs S HA ϩconst.(The rs (s: Hammett's type electronic substituent constant) and s S HA terms act as correction terms for hydrogenbonding effects; the rs term describes electronic effects of the substituent X on the change in hydrogen-bonding ability of the ring N-atom(s) and the s S HA term expresses the hydrogen-bonding ability of the X-substituent. The "a" value, the coefficient of the log P oct term, should be close to 1, provided the hydrophobic and hydrogen-bonding contributions are satisfactorily separated by Eq. 1. 7)Definition of the hydrogen-donating parameter is much more difficult because a hydrogen-donating site(s) is usually present as a part of amphiprotic moieties, that is, it(they) coexists with hydrogen-accepting site(s) as shown by the following examples: -OH, -NHR(H), -CO 2 H, -CONHR(H), -SO 3 H and -SONHR(H). Under such circumstances, application of the same approach used for the definition of S HA to these amphiprotic s...
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