Background:Motion sensors are widely used for gait analysis. ORPHE ANALYTICS is a motion-sensor-based gait analysis system. The validity of commercial gait analysis systems is of great interest to clinicians because calculating position/angle-level gait parameters using motion sensor data potentially produces an error in the integration process; moreover, the validity of ORPHE ANALYTICS has not yet been examined.Research question:How valid are the position/angle-level gait parameters calculated using ORPHE ANALYTICS relative to those calculated using conventional optical motion capture?Methods:Nine young adults performed gait tasks on a treadmill at speeds of 2–12 km/h. The motion sensors were mounted on the shoe midsole (plantar-embedded) and shoe instep (instep-mounted). The three-dimensional marker position data of the foot as well as the acceleration and angular velocity data of the motion sensors were collected. The position/angle-level gait parameters were calculated from motion sensor data obtained using ORPHE ANALYTICS and optical motion capture data. Intraclass correlation coefficients [ICC(2,1)] were calculated for relative validities, and Bland–Altman plots were plotted.Results:Eight items, namely, stride duration, stride length, stride frequency, stride speed (plantar-embedded), vertical height (plantar-embedded), stance phase duration, swing phase duration, and sagittal angleIC, exhibited excellent relative validities [ICC(2,1) > 0.9]. In contrast, the sagittal angleTO demonstrated good relative validity [ICC(2,1) = 0.892–0.833], while the frontal angleIC exhibited moderate relative validity [ICC(2,1) = 0.566–0.627].Significance:ORPHE ANALYTICS, a motion-sensor-based gait analysis system, was found to exhibit excellent relative validity for most gait parameters. This finding suggests its feasibility for gait analysis outside the laboratory setting.
Objectives: Runner’s dystonia is a task-specific dystonia that occurs in the lower limbs and trunk, with diverse symptomatology. We aimed to identify the origin of a dystonic movement abnormality using combined three-dimensional kinematic analysis and electromyographic (EMG) assessment during treadmill running.Participant: A 20-year-old female runner who complained of right-foot collision with the left-leg during right-leg swing-phase, which mimicked right-ankle focal dystonia.Results: Kinematic and EMG assessment of her running motion was performed, which showed a significant drop of the left pelvis during right-leg stance-phase, and a simultaneous increase of right hip adductor muscle activity. This resulted in a pronounced adduction of the entire right lower limb with respect to the pelvis segment. Trajectories of right foot were seen to encroach upon left-leg area.Discussion: These findings suggested that the symptom of this runner was most likely a form of segmental dystonia originating from an impaired control of hip and pelvis, rather than a distal focal ankle dystonia.Conclusion: We conclude that, for individualized symptom assessment, deconstructing the symptom origin from its secondary compensatory movement is crucial for characterizing dystonia. Kinematic and EMG evaluation will therefore be a prerequisite to distinguish symptom origin from secondary compensatory movement.
Background: Neuropsychological recovery is important for survivors' quality of life after cardiac arrest. However, most studies on cognitive symptoms after cardiac arrest examined cognitive functions within one year after onset.Aim: To investigate long-term changes in cognitive functions in individuals with hypoxic encephalopathy after cardiac arrest. Methods:We retrospectively recruited survivors of cardiac arrest who demonstrated cognitive dysfunction at the chronic stage. The inclusion criteria were follow-up period of more than 3 years with multiple neuropsychological examinations and brain MRI/CT within 1 year after onset.Results: Five patients showed various cognitive dysfunctions 1 year after onset, and the follow-up periods were 3 to 13 years. Four patients showed temporal recovery of cognitive functions over a period of a few years followed by gradual deterioration afterward. The youngest patient, 48 years of age at the final assessment, demonstrated gradual improvement without clear evidence of deterioration for 4 years. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed hyperintense areas at the acute stage in 2 patients, and mild cortical atrophy and cerebral hypoperfusion were observed in 3 patients. Delayed cognitive decline in our cases differs in length of the course from that in previously reported "delayed" postanoxic encephalopathy, which appears several days to weeks after onset. Conclusions:Cognitive functions in survivors of cardiac arrest recovered for a few years and then gradually deteriorated, which suggests hypoxic changes induce longterm impact on cerebral functions.
'Yips' is an involuntary movement disorder seen in some professional golfers. The diagnostic challenge in yips is to distinguish symptoms of task-specific dystonia from psychological 'choking'. We evaluated 15 professional golfers with mild symptomatic yips via anxiety tests, motion-capture and surface electromyography during a 'putting' task. Movement instabilities were analyzed via temporal statistical methodologies (one-dimensional statistical parametric mapping). In a subset of golfers, we found significant differences in angular velocities of the putter-club rotation and altered synergy neural coefficients during the downswing phase. Our results showed that golfers with mild yips require sensitive motion-capture evaluations wherein movement instabilities become evident. Particularly the downswing is affected, and the ensuing perturbations in phasic muscle activity share dystonic features that are consistently identified as abnormal muscle synergy patterns. Despite a strong subjective feeling of yips that golfers complain of, movement analysis can reliably exclude those with 'choking' from those with task-specific dystonias.
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