PURPOSE: To evaluate subfoveal choroidal thickness in patients with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) using enhanced depth imaging (EDI) optical coherence tomography (OCT). DESIGN: Retrospective observational study.METHODS: We measured bilateral subfoveal choroidal thickness, averaged for 100 scans, in 36 patients (mean age, 66 ± 15 years; 26 women and 10 men) with unilateral CRVO by using the EDI modes of the Spectralis OCT system. Twenty-two patients were treated with intravitreal bevacizumab (1.25 mg/0.05 mL), and subfoveal choroidal thickness was measured before and after treatment. Statistical analysis was performed to compare subfoveal choroidal thickness of CRVO and fellow eyes, and subfoveal choroidal thickness before and after intravitreal bevacizumab.RESULTS: Mean subfoveal choroidal thickness measured in 36 eligible eyes of 36 patients was 257.1 ± 83.2 μm, which was significantly greater than that in fellow eyes (222.6 ± 67.8 μm) (P < .01, paired t-test). There was strong correlation between CRVO eyes and fellow eyes (r = .79, P < .01). Mean subfoveal choroidal thickness after intravitreal bevacizumab was 227.7 ± 65.1 μm, which was significantly thinner than that before intravitreal bevacizumab Abstract (MUST be submitted as a separate file) therapy (266.9 ± 79.0 μm) (P < .01, paired t-test).CONCLUSIONS: Subfoveal choroidal thickness of CRVO eyes was significantly greater than that of fellow eyes and significantly decreased after intravitreal bevacizumab treatment. EDI-OCT can be used to evaluate choroidal involvement in CRVO and may assist noninvasive diagnosis and management of this disease.

We successfully optimized the culture conditions to enhance lengthy and high-frequency neurite outgrowth in mouse and human models. The procedure would be useful for not only developmental studies of RGCs, including maintenance and projection, but also clinical, pathological, and pharmacological studies of human RGC diseases.

These findings suggest that cyclic stretch and hypertension increased intracellular succinate in cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells and the vitreoretinal succinate of SHRs through a calcium-dependent pathway.

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