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Background We aimed to compare the profile of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Fourth Edition (WISC‐IV) between Japanese schoolchildren born very preterm (VP) and with very low birthweight (VLBW) and those with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and to identify the specific neurocognitive characteristics of VLBW/VP children. Methods The VLBW/VP group in the present study included 50 (19 male, 31 female) first‐ to third‐grade elementary school children born between January 2008 and February 2013 at Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital and Saiseikai Suita Hospital with birthweights <1,500 g and <32 gestational weeks. The ADHD group included 18 (13 male, 5 female) first‐ to third‐grade elementary school children who visited Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital between January 2019 and October 2021. Full‐scale intelligence quotient scores, four indices, and 12 subtests of the WISC‐IV were calculated for all participants and compared between the VLBW/VP and ADHD groups. We assessed whether the patients' clinical history was associated with a low score on the cancellation task in the VLBW/VP group. Results The WISC‐IV profiles showed similar between‐group patterns, and the VLBW/VP group had lower cancellation task scores than the ADHD group. Conclusions This is the first study to compare WISC‐IV profiles between VLBW/VP children and those with ADHD. Further investigation is needed on the association between academic performance and the score of the cancellation task, and the neural mechanism of low performance for cancellation tasks in VLBW/VP children.