Cotton cellulose subjected to a dilute aqueous formic acid solution, at acid concentrations up to 1% (w/w), under hydrothermal conditions in a semi-batch reactor was converted into glucose and oligomers with lower degrees of polymerizations (DP). After heating at 250°C for 60 min in 0.1% (w/w) aqueous formic acid solution, yields of glucose and total sugar with DP = 1 to 9 were 36.6 and 83.8% (100 9 gC/gC of initial cotton sample), respectively, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural was almost as low as 1%. The yields of glucose and oligomers were significantly improved by adding the acid. The reaction was represented by firstorder reaction kinetics with regard to (1 -x) where x is the conversion based on the total sugar or glucose yield. At 250°C, the differences in the rate constants (k -k water ) were proportional to the square root of formic acid concentration.

Three cellulosic samples (CP, cellulose powder; CC, cotton cellulose; FP, filter paper) were subjected to liquid water at 493 to 553 K and 10 MPa in a semibatch reactor. The solubilization rates based on the total organic carbon (TOC) yield were determined as firstorder reaction kinetics, and the rates for CP were 2−4 times higher than those for CC and FP. The yields of the products, such as glucose, cellooligosaccharides with degrees of polymerization (DP) from 2 to 9, fructose, 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural, and levoglucosan, were proportional to the TOC of the products over nearly the entire range of conversion, irrespective of the reaction temperature. The slopes in the plots of the product yield versus TOC yield were correlated with DP of up to 9, and the correlations for CP, CC, and FP were consistent and independent of the temperature and cellulose species.

No abstract

The purpose of this study was to explore women's experiences in a narrative therapy-based group conducted to help participants re-author their stories. Seven women who were either patients or individuals enrolled in Transition Support for Employment at a psychiatric clinic participated in the meetings, one every fortnight. Each session explored a theme based on narrative therapy techniques such as externalization. The participants wrote their reflections during each session, and completed the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition (BDI-II) during the initial and final sessions. An affinity diagram was developed to classify their written reflections into 22 lower categories (e.g., new understanding of self, forward-looking-understanding of life) and 4 upper categories ("Insight," "Sharing with others," "Changes with understanding of lives," "Higher motivation"). The relationship among five lower categories comprising "Insight" was explored, and it became apparent that clarification of participants' own thoughts about social problems functioned as a mediator promoting the process. The largest portion of depressed feelings emerged during the initial session, and four participants had lower scores for BDI-II items such as self-criticism in the final session. The results suggest that the group's purpose was realized. However, future studies should examine participants' feelings more closely, especially during the initial session.

in the LLO samples was examined under same experimental conditions in the viewpoint of discharge capacity, retention of discharge capacity, average discharge voltage, energy density and rate capability. In each viewpoint, using ternary phase diagrams, the dependence of each property on the percentages of