Background: Management strategies based on airway inflammation phenotypes are increasingly used for adults with asthma. While sputum-based phenotypes are relatively stable in adults with asthma, there is little such data in childhood asthma.Hence, we aimed to evaluate the stability of sputum inflammatory phenotypes in children with asthma both in the stable and during exacerbation phases.Methods: Sputum cellularity data from two previous prospective studies involving children with asthma were re-evaluated and categorized into two inflammatory phenotypes: eosinophilic (>2.5% eosinophils) and noneosinophilic (≤2.5% eosinophils). Baseline values and follow-up sputum inflammatory phenotype classification were compared in children with asthma during stable and exacerbation phases.Results: Thirteen of 32 children (41%) with stable asthma demonstrated a change in sputum inflammatory phenotype 8 weeks later. In a different second cohort, both sputum eosinophils and neutrophils percentages increased and peaked on Day 1 of asthma exacerbation, but compared with baseline, 22% (2/9) and 13% (1/8) of these children had their sputum phenotype categorization changed on Day 1 and Day 3 of exacerbation, respectively. Conclusion:In children with asthma, sputum inflammatory phenotypes are variable in both stable and exacerbation phases, in contrast to data in adults.

Background Long‐term home noninvasive ventilation (NIV) is increasingly employed in children with sleep‐disordered breathing and chronic respiratory failure. While studies suggest its successful implementation in tertiary care centers, little is known about the situation in a general care setting. Hence, we aim to evaluate the clinical profiles of these children in a general pediatric unit over the past two decades. Methods Data collected retrospectively on patients younger than 18 years old receiving long‐term home NIV from January 1, 1997 to December 31, 2017 in a Hong Kong regional general pediatric unit were reviewed. Results The number of children on home NIV increased more than 10‐fold over the past two decades. In total, 114 children were commenced on NIV during the 21‐year period. Upper airway obstruction was the most common cause (77%), followed by neuromuscular diseases (16%), pulmonary disorders (4%), and abnormal ventilatory control (3%). Continuous positive airway pressure was the most common NIV type (59%). To date, 46% of the children remained in our NIV program, while 18% discontinued NIV support. NIV adherence increased significantly with follow‐up (median of 78.6% and 82.5% at baseline and last follow‐up, respectively). Sixty‐five percent of the children used NIV for at least 4 h on 70% of the days monitored. Higher body mass index was associated with lower adherence. Conclusion Pediatric home NIV is feasible in the general care setting with good outcomes and adherence. As the demand for NIV service grows, input from local hospitals will be of increasing importance and should be considered upon healthcare planning.

Background Studies on the relationship between childhood allergic disease and health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) have mostly been confined to a single allergic condition. Therefore, a composite allergic score (CAS) was derived to assess the accumulated effect of eczema, asthma, and allergic rhinitis on HRQOL in Hong Kong schoolchildren. Methods Parents of grade one/two or grade eight/nine schoolchildren completed a questionnaire assessing the prevalence and severity of eczema (POEM), asthma (C‐ACT/ACT), and allergic rhinitis (VAS) and schoolchildren's HRQOL (PedsQL). Three rounds of recruitment were conducted. A total of 19 primary and 25 secondary schools agreed to participate. Results Data from 1140 caregivers of grade one/two schoolchildren and 1048 grade eight/nine schoolchildren were imputed and analyzed. The proportion of female respondents were lower in grade one/two (37.7%) but higher in grade eight/nine (57.3%). 63.8% of grade one/two and 58.1% of grade eight/nine schoolchildren reported having at least one allergic disease. In general, greater disease severity was significantly associated with lower HRQOL. After controlling for age, gender, and allergic comorbidity in hierarchical regressions, CAS significantly predicted all HRQOL outcomes in both grade one/two and grade eight/nine schoolchildren. Female grade eight/nine schoolchildren reported lower HRQOL outcomes. Conclusion Composite allergic score may be a practical tool to evaluate allergic comorbidity and the effectiveness of treatments targeting common pathological mechanisms of allergic diseases. Non‐pharmaceutical approaches should be considered, especially for patients with more than one allergic disease and greater severity.