Activity coefficients of the 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide [C n mim]Br (n = 3 to 8) ionic liquids (ILs) in fructose + water mixed solvents at 298.15 K were determined by cell potential measurements. The molalities of [C n mim]Br ranged from (0.005 to 0.1) mol•kg −1 and those of fructose from (0.2 to 0.8) mol•kg −1 . Gibbs free energy interaction parameters were also obtained together with salt constants. The interactions between [C n mim]Br and fructose are mainly controlled by electrostatic interactions. Gibbs free energy interaction parameters (g ES ) and salting constants (k S ) are negative for the ILs (n = 3 to 6), indicating fructose are salted-in by the ILs in water, whereas fructose are salted-out by the ILs (n = 7 and 8).
A mild and efficient method for the formation of C-N bonds is reported with SnCl 4 as an inexpensive catalyst. With 10 mol% of SnCl 4 , the direct substitution reaction of secondary benzyl alcohols with a sulfonamide, a carboxamide, 4-nitroaniline and an azide proceeds well in good to excellent yields at room temperature.
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