A suite of epidermal characters in Arabidopsis is under the transcriptional control of a combinatorial complex containing WD repeat, bHLH and MYB proteins. Many genetic, molecular and biochemical means have been employed to identify and characterize a complete minimal set of complex members required for the trichome initiation, root hair spacing, anthocyanin production and seed coat tannin production pathways. In addition, the WD and bHLH proteins required for outer seed coat differentiation have been identified. However, until now the MYB complex member(s) required for this last WD-bHLH-MYB complex-dependent character have remained elusive. Here we identify two MYBs, AtMYB5 and TT2, as partially redundant in regulating this outer seed coat developmental process with MYB5 having the major role. MYB5 and TT2 are shown to be expressed in this outer seed coat domain. We also show that MYB5 has weak pleiotropic control over trichome development and tannin production and is also expressed in the appropriate places for these functions. TT8 and the downstream GL2 and TTG2 regulators of seed coat development are found to be downregulated in the MYB mutants. Although the TTG1-dependent R2R3 MYBs are considered to be highly pathway specific, identification of MYBs responsible for outer seed coat development allowed for the elucidation of previously undetected novel developmental pleiotropy among these elements.
The incidence of lymphoma has gradually increased over previous decades, and it ranks among the ten most prevalent cancers worldwide. With the development of targeted therapeutic strategies, though a subset of lymphoma patients has become curable, the treatment of refractory and relapsed diseases remains challenging. Many efforts have been made to explore new targets and to develop corresponding therapies. In addition to novel antibodies targeting surface antigens and small molecular inhibitors targeting oncogenic signaling pathways and tumor suppressors, immune checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor T-cells have been rapidly developed to target the tumor microenvironment. Although these targeted agents have shown great success in treating lymphoma patients, adverse events should be noted. The selection of the most suitable candidates, optimal dosage, and effective combinations warrant further investigation. In this review, we systematically outlined the advances in targeted therapy for malignant lymphoma, providing a clinical rationale for mechanism-based lymphoma treatment in the era of precision medicine.Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy (2020) 5:15; https://doi.
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