We developed a route for one-pot synthesis of fluorescent hybrid nanoparticles and their assembly into a nanofilm by utilizing a fusion and fission-triggered nanoreactor system based on water-in-oil "miniemulsion". A fluorescent nanocrystal, ZnS:Mn 2+ , was produced in a confined system via fusion and fission of nanodroplets induced by ultrasonication and the amount of nanocrystals formed in each nanoreactor was easily controlled. Then, in situ polymerisation allowed for encapsulation of nanocrystals inside polymer nanoparticles, leading to an efficient surface capping of nanocrystals with polymers and hence a strong light emission under UV irradiation. Also, hybrid nanoparticles with different colours could be created by tuning of Mn 2+ doping into ZnS nanocrystals, which can give rise to an energy transfer from carboxylic groups of surface capping polymers to the Mn 2+ . These hybrid nanoparticles were then spin-coated to form hybrid nanofilms where nanocrystals were uniformly distributed. The multicolour tuning of nanofilms was achieved simply by mixing nanoparticles with ZnS-derived blue emission and those with ZnS:Mn 2+ -derived orange emission. We believe that our nanoreactor system would offer a viable way in creating fluorescent nanomaterials.
Understanding comprehensive mechanisms of the downregulation of photosynthesis induced by accumulation of non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) is essential for the future food security. Despite numerous studies, whether NSCs accumulation directly affects steady-state maximum photosynthesis and photosynthetic induction, as well as underlying gene expression profiles, remains unknown so far. We evaluated the relationship between photosynthetic capacity and NSCs accumulation induced by cold-girdling, sucrose feeding, and low nitrogen treatment in Glycine max and Phaseolus vulgaris. In G. max, changes in transcriptome profiles were further investigated focusing on physiological processes of photosynthesis and NSCs accumulation. NSCs accumulation decreased maximum photosynthetic capacity and delayed photosynthetic induction in both species. In G. max, such photosynthetic downregulation was explained by coordinated downregulation of photosynthetic genes involved in Calvin cycle, Rubisco activase, photochemical reactions, and stomatal opening. Furthermore, sink-source imbalance may have triggered a change in the balance of sugar-phosphate translocators in chloroplast membranes, which may have promoted starch accumulation in chloroplasts. Our findings provided an overall picture of the photosynthetic downregulation and NSCs accumulation in G. max, demonstrating that the photosynthetic downregulation is triggered by NSCs accumulation and cannot be explained simply by N deficiency.
Sink-source imbalance causes accumulation of non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) and photosynthetic downregulation. Despite numerous studies, however, it remains unclear whether NSCs accumulation or N deficiency more directly decreases steady-state maximum photosynthesis and photosynthetic induction, as well as underlying gene expression profiles. We evaluated the relationship between photosynthetic capacity and NSCs accumulation induced by cold-girdling, sucrose feeding, and low nitrogen treatment in Glycinemax and Phaseolus vulgaris. In G. max, changes in transcriptome profiles were further investigated focusing on physiological processes of photosynthesis and NSCs accumulation. NSCs accumulation decreased maximum photosynthetic capacity and delayed photosynthetic induction in both species. In G. max, such photosynthetic downregulation was explained by coordinated downregulation of photosynthetic genes involved in Calvin cycle, Rubisco activase, photochemical reactions, and stomatal opening. Furthermore, sink-source imbalance may have triggered a change in the balance of sugar-phosphate translocators in chloroplast membranes, which may have promoted starch accumulation in chloroplasts. Our findings provided an overall picture of the photosynthetic downregulation and NSCs accumulation in G. max, demonstrating that the photosynthetic downregulation is triggered by NSCs accumulation and cannot be explained simply by N deficiency.
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