Based on panel data on 285 Chinese cities from 2003 to 2012, we use a dynamic spatial panel model to empirically analyze the effect of manufacturing agglomeration on haze pollution. The results show that when economic development levels, population, technological levels, industrial structure, transportation, foreign direct investment, and greening levels are stable, manufacturing agglomeration significantly aggravates haze pollution. However, region-specific analysis reveals that the effects of manufacturing agglomeration on inter-regional haze pollution depends on the region: the effect of manufacturing agglomeration on haze pollution is the largest in the Western region, followed by the Central region, and is the least in the Eastern region. Based on the above conclusions, we put forward several specific suggestions, such as giving full play to the technology and knowledge spillover effects of manufacturing agglomeration, guiding manufacturing agglomerations in a scientific and rational way, accelerating the transformation and upgrading of manufacturing industries in agglomeration regions.
Mesoscale eddies play a crucial role in the dynamical balance of the
Southern Ocean (SO) circulation. Yet, it remains unclear why the
strength of the SO eddy field has significant variations on interannual
time scales, and to what extent these low-frequency variations are
attributed to wind forcing changes. Here we use a functional analysis
tool, namely, the multiscale window transform (MWT), and the MWT-based
theory of canonical transfer and a time-dependent energetics framework
to investigate these issues, with a focus on the central Pacific sector
of the SO in which both time-mean and interannual variability of eddy
kinetic energy (EKE) maximize. It is found that wind stress contributes
to the interannual EKE variability in three different ways. The
baroclinic pathway, in which the mean kinetic energy (MKE) is generated
by the wind, converted to the mean available potential energy (APE), and
is further released to eddy APE and finally to EKE through baroclinic
instability, is the dominant one. The time lag of the response of EKE to
the wind power injection is about 2.4 years. In contrast, the barotropic
pathway, in which MKE directly fuels EKE through barotropic instability,
is much faster but secondary, and its influence is only concentrated
along the mean jet west of 140. The wind stress is also found to
directly energize the eddy field, resulting in an almost simultaneous
EKE response on interannual time scales. However, this direct pathway is
much smaller in magnitude compared to the baroclinic and barotropic
pathways.
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